Rails Tutorial error: "Validation failed: Email has already been taken"

Question

I got as far as Listing 9.28. in Michael Hartl's Ruby on Rails Tutorial, and I am getting the following errors when running bundle exec rspec spec/. I am not sure how to clear these errors.

$ bundle exec rspec spec/
................................................FF...........FFFFFFFF

Failures:

  1) User pages index profile page 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:27:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:29:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  2) User pages index profile page 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:27:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:29:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  3) User pages index edit page 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  4) User pages index edit page 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  5) User pages index edit page 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  6) User pages index edit with valid information 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  7) User pages index edit with valid information 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  8) User pages index edit with valid information 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  9) User pages index edit with valid information 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

  10) User pages index edit with valid information 
     Failure/Error: let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
     ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid:
       Validation failed: Email has already been taken
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:95:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'
     # ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:97:in `block (4 levels) in <top (required)>'

Finished in 7.29 seconds
69 examples, 10 failures

Failed examples:

rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:31 # User pages index profile page 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:32 # User pages index profile page 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:102 # User pages index edit page 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:103 # User pages index edit page 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:104 # User pages index edit page 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:118 # User pages index edit with valid information 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:119 # User pages index edit with valid information 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:120 # User pages index edit with valid information 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:121 # User pages index edit with valid information 
rspec ./spec/requests/user_pages_spec.rb:122 # User pages index edit with valid information

My user_pages_spec.rb:

require 'spec_helper'

describe "User pages" do

  subject { page }


describe "index" do
    before do
      sign_in FactoryGirl.create(:user)
      FactoryGirl.create(:user, name: "Bob", email: "bob@example.com")
      FactoryGirl.create(:user, name: "Ben", email: "ben@example.com")
      visit users_path
    end

    it { should have_selector('title', text: 'All users') }


    it "should list each user" do
      User.all.each do |user|
        page.should have_selector('li', text: user.name)
      end

end

describe "profile page" do
    let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }

    before { visit user_path(user) }

    it { should have_selector('h1',    text: user.name) }
    it { should have_selector('title', text: user.name) }
end


describe "signup page" do
    before { visit signup_path }

    it { should have_selector('h1',    text: 'Sign up') }
    it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign up') }
  end

 describe "signup page" do
    before { visit signup_path }

    it { should have_selector('h1',    text: 'Sign up') }
    it { should have_selector('title', text: full_title('Sign up')) }
  end

describe "signup" do

    before { visit signup_path }

    let(:submit) { "Create my account" }

    describe "with invalid information" do
      it "should not create a user" do
        expect { click_button submit }.not_to change(User, :count)
      end

      describe "error messages" do
        before { click_button submit }

        it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign up') }
        it { should have_content('error') }
      end
    end

    describe "with valid information" do
      before do
        fill_in "Name",         with: "Example User"
        fill_in "Email",        with: "user@example.com"
        fill_in "Password",     with: "foobar"
        fill_in "Confirmation", with: "foobar"
      end

      it "should create a user" do
        expect { click_button submit }.to change(User, :count).by(1)
      end

      describe "after saving the user" do
        before { click_button submit }

        let(:user) { User.find_by_email('user@example.com') }

        it { should have_selector('title', text: user.name) }
        it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-success', text: 'Welcome') }
        it { should have_link('Sign out') }

      end
    end
  end

  describe "edit" do
    let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
    before do
      sign_in user
      visit edit_user_path(user)
    end

    describe "page" do
      it { should have_selector('h1',    text: "Update your profile") }
      it { should have_selector('title', text: "Edit user") }
      it { should have_link('change', href: 'http://gravatar.com/emails') }
    end

    describe "with valid information" do
      let(:new_name)  { "New Name" }
      let(:new_email) { "new@example.com" }
      before do
        fill_in "Name",             with: new_name
        fill_in "Email",            with: new_email
        fill_in "Password",         with: user.password
        fill_in "Confirm Password", with: user.password
        click_button "Save changes"
      end

      it { should have_selector('title', text: new_name) }
      it { should have_selector('div.alert.alert-success') }
      it { should have_link('Sign out', href: signout_path) }
      specify { user.reload.name.should  == new_name }
      specify { user.reload.email.should == new_email }
    end
    end


  end
end

My spec/requests/authentication_pages_spec.rb Looks like this:

    require 'spec_helper'

describe "Authentication" do

  subject { page }

  describe "signin page" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    it { should have_selector('h1',    text: 'Sign in') }
    it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }

  end

  describe "signin" do
    before { visit signin_path }

    describe "with invalid information" do
    before { click_button "Sign in" }

    it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
    #it { should have_selector('div.flash.error', text: 'Invalid') }

      describe "after visiting another page" do
        before { click_link "Home" }
        it { should_not have_selector('div.flash.error') }
      end
    end

    describe "with valid information" do
      let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
      before { sign_in user }

      it { should have_selector('title', text: user.name) }

      it { should have_link('Users',    href: users_path) }
      it { should have_link('Profile', href: user_path(user)) }
      it { should have_link('Settings', href: edit_user_path(user)) }
      it { should have_link('Sign out', href: signout_path) }
      it { should_not have_link('Sign in', href: signin_path) }

      describe "followed by signout" do
        before { click_link "Sign out" }
        it { should have_link('Sign in') }
      end
    end
  end

  describe "authorization" do

    describe "for non-signed-in users" do
      let(:user) { Factory(:user) }

      describe "in the Users controller" do

        describe "visiting the edit page" do
          before { visit edit_user_path(user) }
          it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
        end

        describe "submitting to the update action" do
          before { put user_path(user) }
          specify { response.should redirect_to(signin_path) }
        end

        describe "visiting user index" do
          before { visit users_path }
          #it { should have_selector('title', text: 'Sign in') }
        end

      end
    end

    describe "as wrong user" do
      let(:user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user) }
      let(:wrong_user) { FactoryGirl.create(:user, email: "wrong@example.com") }
      before { sign_in user }

      describe "visiting Users#edit page" do
        before { visit edit_user_path(wrong_user) }
        it { should_not have_selector('title', text: full_title('Edit user')) }
      end

      describe "submitting a PUT request to the Users#update action" do
        before { put user_path(wrong_user) }
        specify { response.should redirect_to(root_path) }
      end
    end
  end
end

My users.controller.rb looks like this:

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  before_filter :signed_in_user, only: [:edit, :update]
  before_filter :correct_user,   only: [:edit, :update]

  def index
    @users = User.all
  end

  def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
  end

  def new
    @user = User.new
  end

  def create
    @user = User.new(params[:user])
    if @user.save
      sign_in @user
        flash[:success] = "Welcome to the Sample App!"
      redirect_to @user
    else
      render 'new'
    end
  end

  def edit
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
  end

  def update
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    if @user.update_attributes(params[:user])
      flash[:success] = "Profile updated"
      sign_in @user
      redirect_to @user
    else
      render 'edit'
    end
  end

  private

    def signed_in_user
      redirect_to signin_url, notice: "Please sign in." unless signed_in?
    end

    def correct_user
      @user = User.find(params[:id])
      redirect_to(root_path) unless current_user?(@user)
    end

end

sessions.helper.rb:

module SessionsHelper

  def sign_in(user)
    cookies.permanent[:remember_token] = user.remember_token
    self.current_user = user
  end

  def signed_in?
    !current_user.nil?
  end

  def current_user=(user)
    @current_user = user
  end

  def current_user
    @current_user ||= User.find_by_remember_token(cookies[:remember_token])
  end

  def current_user?(user)
    user == current_user
  end

  def signed_in_user
    unless signed_in?
      store_location
      redirect_to signin_url, notice: "Please sign in."
    end
  end

  def sign_out
    current_user = nil
    cookies.delete(:remember_token)
  end

  def redirect_back_or(default)
    redirect_to(session[:return_to] || default)
    session.delete(:return_to)
  end

  def store_location
    session[:return_to] = request.url
  end
  end

header.html.erb:

<header class="navbar navbar-fixed-top">
  <div class="navbar-inner">
    <div class="container">
      <%= link_to "sample app", root_path, id: "logo" %>
      <nav>
        <ul class="nav pull-right">
          <li><%= link_to "Home", root_path %></li>
          <li><%= link_to "Help", help_path %></li>
          <% if signed_in? %>
            <li><%= link_to "Users", users_path %></li>
            <li id="fat-menu" class="dropdown">
              <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
                Account <b class="caret"></b>
              </a>
              <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                <li><%= link_to "Profile", current_user %></li>
                <li><%= link_to "Settings", edit_user_path(current_user) %></li>
                <li class="divider"></li>
                <li>
                  <%= link_to "Sign out", signout_path, method: "delete" %>
                </li>
              </ul>
            </li>
          <% else %>
            <li><%= link_to "Sign in", signin_path %></li>
          <% end %>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

Answer 1

Compare the structure of your user_pages_spec.rb with mhartl's original. You have definitely misplaced some end's because the describe "profile page" do and describe "edit" do blocks are embedded in your describe "index" do block when they shouldn't be.