I put a file that was previously being tracked by Git onto the .gitignore list. However, the file still shows up in git status after it is edited. How do I force Git to completely forget the file?

How do I make Git forget about a file that was tracked, but is now in .gitignore?

Answers (30)

Reputation: 20492

git update-index does the job for me:

git update-index --assume-unchanged <file>

Note: This solution is actually independent of .gitignore as gitignore is only for untracked files.

Since this answer was originally posted, a new option has been created and that should be preferred. You should use --skip-worktree which is for modified tracked files that the user does not want to commit anymore and keep --assume-unchanged for performance to prevent git to check status of big tracked files. See https://stackoverflow.com/a/13631525/717372 for more details...

git update-index --skip-worktree <file>

To cancel

git update-index --no-skip-worktree <file>

Upvotes: 1980

CB Bailey

Reputation: 792827

.gitignore will prevent untracked files from being added (without an add -f) to the set of files tracked by Git. However, Git will continue to track any files that are already being tracked.

Updated Answer in 2024

Do NOT use git rm --cached <file> if you ever want to see that file again. It will remove it from git, and also your local machine.

If you want to keep the file locally, but remove it from git tracking, use the answer by Konstantin. In short, use the following instead of git rm:

git update-index --skip-worktree <file>

However, according to the official git documentation:

Users often try to use the assume-unchanged and skip-worktree bits to tell Git to ignore changes to files that are tracked. This does not work as expected, since Git may still check working tree files against the index when performing certain operations. In general, Git does not provide a way to ignore changes to tracked files, so alternate solutions are recommended.

Therefore, you should still consider using the original answer below.

Original Answer

WARNING: This will remove the physical file from your local machine and other developers' machines on your or their next git pull.

To stop tracking a file, we must remove it from the index:

git rm --cached <file>

To remove a folder and all files in the folder recursively:

git rm -r --cached <folder>

The removal of the file from the head revision will happen on the next commit.

Upvotes: 9127

Meet

Reputation: 702

I am facing a similar issue in which I want to ignore a .next folder. This is command which worked for me:

git rm -r --cached .next

It is short and simple.

Upvotes: 3

Mohit Kanwar

Reputation: 3050

On a bad night, I did git add . and then git commit, leading to a lot of files that should had been ignored. The answers to this question seemed like a lot of manual effort for me.

So I did the following:

Step 1: Adding all the files that should be ignored to .gitignore. (This was a combination of script and manual)

Step 2: Now, that I have identified the files that should be ignored, instead of manually running git rm for each file, I ran the following command:

while IFS= read -r file; do
  git rm --cached "$file"
done < .gitignore

The above script reads the .gitignore file, and runs git rm for each one of them.

Upvotes: 0

Jialer Chew

Reputation: 369

Depending on user's desired output:

How do you force Git to completely forget about it?

That depends which of the following is the desired outcome:

Stop tracking file and remove it from the repository, or
Stop tracking file without removing it from the repository (maybe for other collaborators to download)

For (1), the solution would be like Matt's answer above. For (2), refer to Konstantin's answer instead.

Source: Git: Stop Tracking File After Adding to .gitignore

Upvotes: 2

deadcoder0904

Reputation: 8693

I'll show a real-life scenario.

I was committing .env.development & .env.production to git because it contained constants, not environment variables as i was using sqlite database.

Both .env.development & .env.production are same so I'll just use .env.development as an example.

Previously, I was committing this:

.env.development

SQLITE_DATABASE_NAME=users.sqlite

But later on, I added sqlite database backups using litestream with cloudflare r2 so I had to update .env.development with those variables.

.env.development

SQLITE_DATABASE_NAME=users.sqlite

# Use Litestream to backup SQLite database on every insert
REPLICA_URL=https://<account_id>.r2.cloudflarestorage.com
REPLICA_BUCKET_NAME=bucket_name
CLOUDFLARE_R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID=access_key_id
CLOUDFLARE_R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=secret_access_key

Assume, the above contained real environment keys.

See commits on 27th Feb 2024 on https://github.com/deadcoder0904/easypanel-nextjs-sqlite/ (the first two commits starting from bottom)

I first used the solution mentioned here:

git update-index --assume-unchanged .env.development .env.production

This kept .env.development & .env.production on its previous state. That is just containing SQLITE_DATABASE_NAME.

And it removed tracking on .env.development & .env.production. See the commit named backup database using litestreamw with cloudflare r2. I added environment variables but they weren't committed.

Then I used this solution (see the commit named stop tracking .env.development & .env.production) to stop tracking those environment files altogether.

git rm --cached .\.env.development .\.env.production

So, next time I'll just use the 2nd command & add .env.development & .env.production to .gitignore to stop tracking them altogether from the next commit.

Pro-Tip: Always check git status to make sure you are not committing real environment variables to .git or use dotenvx.

Upvotes: 3

youhans

Reputation: 6859

The copy/paste (one-liner) answer is:

git rm --cached -r .; git add .; git status; git commit -m "Ignore unwanted files"

This command will NOT change the content of the .gitignore file. It will ignore the files already committed to a Git repository, but now we have added them to .gitignore.

The command git status; is to review the changes and could be dropped.

Ultimately, it will immediately commit the changes with the message "Ignore unwanted files".

If you don't want to commit the changes, drop the last part of the command (git commit -m "Ignore unwanted files")

Upvotes: 173

zipate

Reputation: 166

For me, the file was still available in the history and at first, I needed to squash the commits that added the removed files: https://gist.github.com/patik/b8a9dc5cd356f9f6f980

Combine the commits. The example below combines the last 3 commits

git reset --soft HEAD~3
git commit -m "New message for the combined commit"

Push the squashed commit if the commits have been pushed to the remote:

git push origin +name-of-branch

Upvotes: 2

Abraham

Reputation: 15820

If you created .gitignore file using command like echo node_modules >> .gitignore, It won't work.

The windows terminal saves the file in UCS-2 LE BOM and Git doesn't seem to accept that.

You can fix this by opening in Notepad and re-save it with UTF-8 encoding

It Works now.

I think they need to fix this since doing echo "filetoignore" >> .gitignore actually seems very handy.

Upvotes: -1

anonymous_user

Reputation: 9

If none of these questions work for you, you'll want to confirm that your ".gitignore" file is actually a .gitignore file, and not a text file, JSON file, or the like.

Make sure it appears like this.

Upvotes: -8

thSoft

Reputation: 22670

git ls-files -c --ignored --exclude-standard -z | xargs -0 git rm --cached
git commit -am "Remove ignored files"

This takes the list of the ignored files, removes them from the index, and commits the changes.

Upvotes: 393

RajVimalC

Reputation: 827

If anyone is having a hard time on Windows and you want to ignore the entire folder, go to the desired 'folder' on file explorer, right click and do 'Git Bash Here' (Git for Windows should have been installed).

Run this command:

git ls-files -z | xargs -0 git update-index --assume-unchanged

Upvotes: 3

rld

Reputation: 2763

In my case I needed to put ".envrc" in the .gitignore file.

And then I used:

git update-index --skip-worktree .envrc
git rm --cached .envrc

And the file was removed.

Then I committed again, telling that the file was removed.

But when I used the command git log -p, the content of the file (which was secret credentials of the Amazon S3) was showing the content which was removed and I don't want to show this content ever on the history of the Git repository.

Then I used this command:

git filter-branch --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch .envrc' HEAD

And I don't see the content again.

Upvotes: 9

Khushhal

Reputation: 653

This is how I solved my issue:

git filter-branch --tree-filter 'rm -rf path/to/your/file' HEAD
git push

In this, we are basically trying to rewrite the history of that particular file in previous commits also.

For more information, you can refer to the man page of filter-branch here.

Source: Removing sensitive data from a repository - using filter-branch

Source: Git: How to remove a big file wrongly committed

Upvotes: 5

Arslan Ahmad khan

Reputation: 5824

Do the following steps for a file/folder:

Remove a File:

need to add that file to .gitignore.
need to remove that file using the command (git rm --cached file name).
need to run (git add .).
need to (commit -m) "file removed".
and finally, (git push).

For example:

I want to delete the test.txt file. I accidentally pushed to GitHub and want to remove it. Commands will be as follows:

First, add "test.txt" in file .gitignore

git rm --cached test.txt
git add .
git commit -m "test.txt removed"
git push

Remove Folder:

need to add that folder to file .gitignore.
need to remove that folder using the command (git rm -r --cached folder name).
need to run (git add .).
need to (commit -m) "folder removed".
and finally, (git push).

For example:

I want to delete the .idea folder/directory. I accidentally pushed to GitHub and want to remove it. The commands will be as follows:

First, add .idea in file .gitignore

git rm -r --cached .idea
git add .
git commit -m ".idea removed"
git push

Upvotes: 45

DC.Skells

Reputation: 890

In my case here, I had several .lock files in several directories that I needed to remove. I ran the following and it worked without having to go into each directory to remove them:

git rm -r --cached **/*.lock

Doing this went into each folder under the 'root' of where I was at and excluded all files that matched the pattern.

Upvotes: 3

goofology

Reputation: 974

The accepted answer does not "make Git "forget" about a file..." (historically). It only makes Git ignore the file in the present/future.

This method makes Git completely forget ignored files (past/present/future), but it does not delete anything from the working directory (even when re-pulled from remote).

This method requires usage of file /.git/info/exclude (preferred) or a pre-existing .gitignore in all the commits that have files to be ignored/forgotten. ¹

All methods of enforcing Git ignore behavior after-the-fact effectively rewrite history and thus have significant ramifications for any public/shared/collaborative repositories that might be pulled after this process. ²

General advice: start with a clean repository - everything committed, nothing pending in working directory or index, and make a backup!

Also, the comments/revision history of this answer (and revision history of this question) may be useful/enlightening.

#Commit up-to-date .gitignore (if not already existing)
#This command must be run on each branch

git add .gitignore
git commit -m "Create .gitignore"

#Apply standard Git ignore behavior only to the current index, not the working directory (--cached)
#If this command returns nothing, ensure /.git/info/exclude AND/OR .gitignore exist
#This command must be run on each branch

git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git rm --cached

#Commit to prevent working directory data loss!
#This commit will be automatically deleted by the --prune-empty flag in the following command
#This command must be run on each branch

git commit -m "ignored index"

#Apply standard git ignore behavior RETROACTIVELY to all commits from all branches (--all)
#This step WILL delete ignored files from working directory UNLESS they have been dereferenced from the index by the commit above
#This step will also delete any "empty" commits.  If deliberate "empty" commits should be kept, remove --prune-empty and instead run git reset HEAD^ immediately after this command

git filter-branch --tree-filter 'git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git rm -f --ignore-unmatch' --prune-empty --tag-name-filter cat -- --all

#List all still-existing files that are now ignored properly
#If this command returns nothing, it's time to restore from backup and start over
#This command must be run on each branch

git ls-files --other --ignored --exclude-standard

Finally, follow the rest of this GitHub guide (starting at step 6) which includes important warnings/information about the commands below.

git push origin --force --all
git push origin --force --tags
git for-each-ref --format="delete %(refname)" refs/original | git update-ref --stdin
git reflog expire --expire=now --all
git gc --prune=now

Other developers that pull from the now-modified remote repository should make a backup and then:

#fetch modified remote

git fetch --all

#"Pull" changes WITHOUT deleting newly-ignored files from working directory
#This will overwrite local tracked files with remote - ensure any local modifications are backed-up/stashed

git reset FETCH_HEAD

Footnotes

¹ Because /.git/info/exclude can be applied to all historical commits using the instructions above, perhaps details about getting a .gitignore file into the historical commit(s) that need it is beyond the scope of this answer. I wanted a proper .gitignore file to be in the root commit, as if it was the first thing I did. Others may not care since /.git/info/exclude can accomplish the same thing regardless where the .gitignore file exists in the commit history, and clearly rewriting history is a very touchy subject, even when aware of the ramifications.

FWIW, potential methods may include git rebase or a git filter-branch that copies an external .gitignore into each commit, like the answers to this question.

² Enforcing Git ignore behavior after-the-fact by committing the results of a stand-alone git rm --cached command may result in newly-ignored file deletion in future pulls from the force-pushed remote. The --prune-empty flag in the following git filter-branch command avoids this problem by automatically removing the previous "delete all ignored files" index-only commit. Rewriting Git history also changes commit hashes, which will wreak havoc on future pulls from public/shared/collaborative repositories. Please understand the ramifications fully before doing this to such a repository. This GitHub guide specifies the following:

Tell your collaborators to rebase, not merge, any branches they created off of your old (tainted) repository history. One merge commit could reintroduce some or all of the tainted history that you just went to the trouble of purging.

Alternative solutions that do not affect the remote repository are git update-index --assume-unchanged </path/file> or git update-index --skip-worktree <file>, examples of which can be found here.

Upvotes: 10

Skeets

Reputation: 4838

Using the git rm --cached command does not answer the original question:

How do you force git to completely forget about [a file]?

In fact, this solution will cause the file to be deleted in every other instance of the repository when executing a git pull!

The correct way to force Git to forget about a file is documented by GitHub here.

I recommend reading the documentation, but basically:

git fetch --all
git filter-branch --force --index-filter 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch full/path/to/file' --prune-empty --tag-name-filter cat -- --all
git push origin --force --all
git push origin --force --tags
git for-each-ref --format='delete %(refname)' refs/original | git update-ref --stdin
git reflog expire --expire=now --all
git gc --prune=now

Just replace full/path/to/file with the full path of the file. Make sure you've added the file to your .gitignore file.

You'll also need to (temporarily) allow non-fast-forward pushes to your repository, since you're changing your Git history.

Upvotes: 14

curiousBoy

Reputation: 6834

Especially for the IDE-based files, I use this:

For instance, for the slnx.sqlite file, I just got rid off it completely like the following:

git rm {PATH_OF_THE_FILE}/slnx.sqlite -f
git commit -m "remove slnx.sqlite"

Just keep that in mind that some of those files store some local user settings and preferences for projects (like what files you had open). So every time you navigate or do some changes in your IDE, that file is changed and therefore it checks it out and show as uncommitted changes.

Upvotes: 4

Shamsul Arefin

Reputation: 1917

Do the following steps serially, and you will be fine.

Remove the mistakenly added files from the directory/storage. You can use the "rm -r" (for Linux) command or delete them by browsing the directories. Or move them to another location on your PC. (You maybe need to close the IDE if running for moving/removing.)
Add the files / directories to the .gitignore file now and save it.
Now remove them from the Git cache by using these commands (if there is more than one directory, remove them one by one by repeatedly issuing this command)
```
 git rm -r --cached path-to-those-files
```
Now do a commit and push by using the following commands. This will remove those files from Git remote and make Git stop tracking those files.
```
 git add .
 git commit -m "removed unnecessary files from Git"
 git push origin
```

Upvotes: 26

Jay Irvine

Reputation: 274

I liked JonBrave's answer, but I have messy enough working directories that commit -a scares me a bit, so here's what I've done:

git config --global alias.exclude-ignored '!git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git rm -r --cached &&  git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git stage &&  git stage .gitignore && git commit -m "new gitignore and remove ignored files from index"'

Breaking it down:

git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git rm -r --cached
git ls-files -z --ignored --exclude-standard | xargs -0 git stage
git stage .gitignore
git commit -m "new gitignore and remove ignored files from index"

remove ignored files from the index
stage .gitignore and the files you just removed
commit

Upvotes: 7

Lloyd

Reputation: 8406

This is no longer an issue in the latest Git (v2.17.1 at the time of writing).

The .gitignore file finally ignores tracked-but-deleted files. You can test this for yourself by running the following script. The final git status statement should report "nothing to commit".

# Create an empty repository
mkdir gitignore-test
cd gitignore-test
git init

# Create a file and commit it
echo "hello" > file
git add file
git commit -m initial

# Add the file to gitignore and commit
echo "file" > .gitignore
git add .gitignore
git commit -m gitignore

# Remove the file and commit
git rm file
git commit -m "removed file"

# Reintroduce the file and check status.
# .gitignore is now respected - status reports "nothing to commit".
echo "hello" > file
git status

Upvotes: 5

Dheeraj Bhaskar

Reputation: 19039

Use this when:

You want to untrack a lot of files, or
You updated your .gitignore file

Source: Untrack files already added to Git repository based on .gitignore

Let’s say you have already added/committed some files to your Git repository and you then add them to your .gitignore file; these files will still be present in your repository index. This article we will see how to get rid of them.

Step 1: Commit all your changes

Before proceeding, make sure all your changes are committed, including your .gitignore file.

Step 2: Remove everything from the repository

To clear your repository, use:

git rm -r --cached .

rm is the remove command
-r will allow recursive removal
–cached will only remove files from the index. Your files will still be there.

The rm command can be unforgiving. If you wish to try what it does beforehand, add the -n or --dry-run flag to test things out.

Step 3: Readd everything

git add .

Step 4: Commit

git commit -m ".gitignore fix"

Your repository is clean :)

Push the changes to your remote to see the changes effective there as well.

Upvotes: 96

Peter T.

Reputation: 3325

If you don't want to use the CLI and are working on Windows, a very simple solution is to use TortoiseGit. It has the "Delete (keep local)" Action in the menu which works fine.

Upvotes: 6

Meir Gerenstadt

Reputation: 3593

The BFG is specifically designed for removing unwanted data like big files or passwords from Git repositories, so it has a simple flag that will remove any large historical (not-in-your-current-commit) files: '--strip-blobs-bigger-than'

java -jar bfg.jar --strip-blobs-bigger-than 100M

If you'd like to specify files by name, you can do that too:

java -jar bfg.jar --delete-files *.mp4

The BFG is 10-1000x faster than git filter-branch and is generally much easier to use - check the full usage instructions and examples for more details.

Source: Reduce repository size

Upvotes: 6

Boolean_Type

Reputation: 1274

I think, that maybe Git can't totally forget about a file because of its conception (section "Snapshots, Not Differences").

This problem is absent, for example, when using CVS. CVS stores information as a list of file-based changes. Information for CVS is a set of files and the changes made to each file over time.

But in Git every time you commit, or save the state of your project, it basically takes a picture of what all your files look like at that moment and stores a reference to that snapshot. So, if you added file once, it will always be present in that snapshot.

These two articles were helpful for me:

git assume-unchanged vs skip-worktree and How to ignore changes in tracked files with Git

Basing on it I do the following, if the file is already tracked:

git update-index --skip-worktree <file>

From this moment all local changes in this file will be ignored and will not go to remote. If the file is changed on remote, conflict will occur, when git pull. Stash won't work. To resolve it, copy the file content to the safe place and follow these steps:

git update-index --no-skip-worktree <file>
git stash
git pull

The file content will be replaced by the remote content. Paste your changes from the safe place to the file and perform again:

git update-index --skip-worktree <file>

If everyone, who works with the project, will perform git update-index --skip-worktree <file>, problems with pull should be absent. This solution is OK for configurations files, when every developer has their own project configuration.

It is not very convenient to do this every time, when the file has been changed on remote, but it can protect it from overwriting by remote content.

Upvotes: 20

David H.

Reputation: 2862

I always use this command to remove those untracked files. One-line, Unix-style, clean output:

git ls-files --ignored --exclude-standard | sed 's/.*/"&"/' | xargs git rm -r --cached

It lists all your ignored files, replaces every output line with a quoted line instead to handle paths with spaces inside, and passes everything to git rm -r --cached to remove the paths/files/directories from the index.

Upvotes: 110

Ameer Deen

Reputation: 734

The answer from Matt Frear was the most effective IMHO. The following is just a PowerShell script for those on Windows to only remove files from their Git repository that matches their exclusion list.

# Get files matching exclusionsfrom .gitignore
# Excluding comments and empty lines
$ignoreFiles =  gc .gitignore | ?{$_ -notmatch  "#"} |  ?{$_ -match  "\S"} | % {
                    $ignore = "*" + $_ + "*"
                    (gci -r -i $ignore).FullName
                }
$ignoreFiles = $ignoreFiles| ?{$_ -match  "\S"}

# Remove each of these file from Git
$ignoreFiles | % { git rm $_}

git add .

Upvotes: 12

Matt Frear

Reputation: 54871

The series of commands below will remove all of the items from the Git index (not from the working directory or local repository), and then will update the Git index, while respecting Git ignores. PS. Index = Cache

First:

git rm -r --cached .
git add .

Then:

git commit -am "Remove ignored files"

Or as a one-liner:

git rm -r --cached . && git add . && git commit -am "Remove ignored files"

Upvotes: 3528

Apreche

Reputation: 32979

Move or copy the file to a safe location, so you don't lose it. Then 'git rm' the file and commit.

The file will still show up if you revert to one of those earlier commits, or another branch where it has not been removed. However, in all future commits, you will not see the file again. If the file is in the Git ignore, then you can move it back into the folder, and Git won't see it.

Upvotes: 15

How do I make Git forget about a file that was tracked, but is now in .gitignore?

Answers (30)

.env.development

.env.development

Footnotes

Use this when:

Step 1: Commit all your changes

Step 2: Remove everything from the repository

Step 3: Readd everything

Step 4: Commit

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