CODEWITHSUNDEEP
rggplot2labelboxplot
Christopher DuBois
Christopher DuBois

Reputation: 43450

Rotating and spacing axis labels in ggplot2

I have a plot where the x-axis is a factor whose labels are long. While probably not an ideal visualization, for now I'd like to simply rotate these labels to be vertical. I've figured this part out with the code below, but as you can see, the labels aren't totally visible.

data(diamonds)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper",as.character(diamonds$cut))
q <- qplot(cut,carat,data=diamonds,geom="boxplot")
q + opts(axis.text.x=theme_text(angle=-90))

enter image description here

Upvotes: 918

Views: 1684825

Answers (8)

Rich Pauloo
Rich Pauloo

Reputation: 8402

Use coord_flip()

data(diamonds)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper",as.character(diamonds$cut))

qplot(cut, carat, data = diamonds, geom = "boxplot") +
  coord_flip()

enter image description here

Add str_wrap()

# wrap text to no more than 15 spaces
library(stringr)
diamonds$cut2 <- str_wrap(diamonds$cut, width = 15)
qplot(cut2, carat, data = diamonds, geom = "boxplot") +
  coord_flip()

enter image description here

In Ch 3.9 of R for Data Science, Wickham and Grolemund speak to this exact question:

coord_flip() switches the x and y axes. This is useful (for example), if you want horizontal boxplots. It’s also useful for long labels: it’s hard to get them to fit without overlapping on the x-axis.

Upvotes: 146

jan-glx
jan-glx

Reputation: 9536

OUTDATED - see this answer for a simpler approach

To obtain readable x tick labels without additional dependencies, you want to use:

  ... +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5)) +
  ...

This rotates the tick labels 90° counterclockwise and aligns them vertically at their end (hjust = 1) and their centers horizontally with the corresponding tick mark (vjust = 0.5).

Full example:

library(ggplot2)
data(diamonds)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper",as.character(diamonds$cut))
q <- qplot(cut,carat,data=diamonds,geom="boxplot")
q + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1, vjust = 0.5))

Note, that vertical/horizontal justification parameters vjust/hjust of element_text are relative to the text. Therefore, vjust is responsible for the horizontal alignment.

Without vjust = 0.5 it would look like this:

q + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1))

Without hjust = 1 it would look like this:

q + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5))

If for some (wired) reason you wanted to rotate the tick labels 90° clockwise (such that they can be read from the left) you would need to use: q + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = -1)).

All of this has already been discussed in the comments of this answer but I come back to this question so often, that I want an answer from which I can just copy without reading the comments.

Upvotes: 15

jan-glx
jan-glx

Reputation: 9536

ggplot 3.3.0 fixes this by providing guide_axis(angle = 90) (as guide argument to scale_.. or as x argument to guides):

library(ggplot2)
data(diamonds)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper", as.character(diamonds$cut))

ggplot(diamonds, aes(cut, carat)) +
  geom_boxplot() +
  scale_x_discrete(guide = guide_axis(angle = 90)) +
  # ... or, equivalently:
  # guides(x =  guide_axis(angle = 90)) +
  NULL

From the documentation of the angle argument:

Compared to setting the angle in theme() / element_text(), this also uses some heuristics to automatically pick the hjust and vjust that you probably want.

Alternatively, it also provides guide_axis(n.dodge = 2) (as guide argument to scale_.. or as x argument to guides) to overcome the over-plotting problem by dodging the labels vertically. It works quite well in this case:

library(ggplot2)
data(diamonds)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper",as.character(diamonds$cut))

ggplot(diamonds, aes(cut, carat)) + 
  geom_boxplot() +
  scale_x_discrete(guide = guide_axis(n.dodge = 2)) +
  NULL

Upvotes: 194

Jonathan Chang
Jonathan Chang

Reputation: 25367

Change the last line to 

q + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1))

By default, the axes are aligned at the center of the text, even when rotated. When you rotate +/- 90 degrees, you usually want it to be aligned at the edge instead:

alt text

The image above is from this blog post.

Upvotes: 1541

tjebo
tjebo

Reputation: 23767

An alternative to coord_flip() is to use the ggstance package. The advantage is that it makes it easier to combine the graphs with other graph types and you can, maybe more importantly, set fixed scale ratios for your coordinate system. 

library(ggplot2)
library(ggstance)

diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper", as.character(diamonds$cut))

ggplot(data=diamonds, aes(carat, cut)) + geom_boxploth()

Created on 2020-03-11 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)

Upvotes: 0

krlmlr
krlmlr

Reputation: 25484

The ggpubr package offers a shortcut that does the right thing by default (right align text, middle align text box to tick):

library(ggplot2)
diamonds$cut <- paste("Super Dee-Duper", as.character(diamonds$cut))
q <- qplot(cut, carat, data = diamonds, geom = "boxplot")
q + ggpubr::rotate_x_text()

Created on 2018-11-06 by the reprex package (v0.2.1)

Found with a GitHub search for the relevant argument names: https://github.com/search?l=R&q=element_text+angle+90+vjust+org%3Acran&type=Code

Upvotes: 13

e3bo
e3bo

Reputation: 1683

To make the text on the tick labels fully visible and read in the same direction as the y-axis label, change the last line to 

q + theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=90, hjust=1))

Upvotes: 105

Nicholas Hamilton
Nicholas Hamilton

Reputation: 10526

I'd like to provide an alternate solution, a robust solution similar to what I am about to propose was required in the latest version of ggtern, since introducing the canvas rotation feature.

Basically, you need to determine the relative positions using trigonometry, by building a function which returns an element_text object, given angle (ie degrees) and positioning (ie one of x,y,top or right) information.

#Load Required Libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(gridExtra)

#Build Function to Return Element Text Object
rotatedAxisElementText = function(angle,position='x'){
  angle     = angle[1]; 
  position  = position[1]
  positions = list(x=0,y=90,top=180,right=270)
  if(!position %in% names(positions))
    stop(sprintf("'position' must be one of [%s]",paste(names(positions),collapse=", ")),call.=FALSE)
  if(!is.numeric(angle))
    stop("'angle' must be numeric",call.=FALSE)
  rads  = (angle - positions[[ position ]])*pi/180
  hjust = 0.5*(1 - sin(rads))
  vjust = 0.5*(1 + cos(rads))
  element_text(angle=angle,vjust=vjust,hjust=hjust)
}

Frankly, in my opinion, I think that an 'auto' option should be made available in ggplot2 for the hjust and vjust arguments, when specifying the angle, anyway, lets demonstrate how the above works.

#Demonstrate Usage for a Variety of Rotations
df    = data.frame(x=0.5,y=0.5)
plots = lapply(seq(0,90,length.out=4),function(a){
  ggplot(df,aes(x,y)) + 
    geom_point() + 
    theme(axis.text.x = rotatedAxisElementText(a,'x'),
          axis.text.y = rotatedAxisElementText(a,'y')) +
    labs(title = sprintf("Rotated %s",a))
})
grid.arrange(grobs=plots)

Which produces the following:

Example

Upvotes: 33

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