How do I read from stdin?

Question

How do I read from stdin? Some code golf challenges require using stdin for input.

Answer 1

Worth saying for short command line chaining input is preferred over fileinput and sys.stdin as it requires no import, and is shorter to type.

$ echo hello world | python3 -c "print(input().upper())"
HELLO WORLD

Answer 2

How do you read from stdin in Python?

I'm trying to do some of the code golf challenges, but they all require the input to be taken from stdin. How do I get that in Python?

You can use:

• sys.stdin - A file-like object - call sys.stdin.read() to read everything.
• input(prompt) - pass it an optional prompt to output, it reads from stdin up to the first newline, which it strips. You'd have to do this repeatedly to get more lines, at the end of the input it raises EOFError. (Probably not great for golfing.) In Python 2, this is raw_input(prompt).
• open(0).read() - In Python 3, the builtin function open accepts file descriptors (integers representing operating system IO resources), and 0 is the descriptor of stdin. It returns a file-like object like sys.stdin - probably your best bet for golfing. In Python 2, this is io.open.
• open('/dev/stdin').read() - similar to open(0), works on Python 2 and 3, but not on Windows (or even Cygwin).
• fileinput.input() - returns an iterator over lines in all files listed in sys.argv[1:], or stdin if not given. Use like ''.join(fileinput.input()).

Both sys and fileinput must be imported, respectively, of course.

Quick sys.stdin examples compatible with Python 2 and 3, Windows, Unix

You just need to read from sys.stdin, for example, if you pipe data to stdin:

$ echo foo | python -c "import sys; print(sys.stdin.read())"
foo

We can see that sys.stdin is in default text mode:

>>> import sys
>>> sys.stdin
<_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdin>' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>

file example

Say you have a file, inputs.txt, we can accept that file and write it back out:

python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())" < inputs.txt

Longer answer

Here's a complete, easily replicable demo, using two methods, the builtin function, input (use raw_input in Python 2), and sys.stdin. The data is unmodified, so the processing is a non-operation.

To begin with, let's create a file for inputs:

$ python -c "print('foo\nbar\nbaz')" > inputs.txt

And using the code we've already seen, we can check that we've created the file:

$ python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())" < inputs.txt 
foo
bar
baz

Here's the help on sys.stdin.read from Python 3:

read(size=-1, /) method of _io.TextIOWrapper instance
    Read at most n characters from stream.
    
    Read from underlying buffer until we have n characters or we hit EOF.
    If n is negative or omitted, read until EOF.

Builtin function, input (raw_input in Python 2)

The builtin function input reads from standard input up to a newline, which is stripped (complementing print, which adds a newline by default.) This occurs until it gets EOF (End Of File), at which point it raises EOFError.

Thus, here's how you can use input in Python 3 (or raw_input in Python 2) to read from stdin - so we create a Python module we call stdindemo.py:

$ python -c "print('try:\n    while True:\n        print(input())\nexcept EOFError:\n    pass')" > stdindemo.py 

And let's print it back out to ensure it's as we expect:

$ python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())" < stdindemo.py 
try:
    while True:
        print(input())
except EOFError:
    pass

Again, input reads up until the newline and essentially strips it from the line. print adds a newline. So while they both modify the input, their modifications cancel. (So they are essentially each other's complement.)

And when input gets the end-of-file character, it raises EOFError, which we ignore and then exit from the program.

And on Linux/Unix, we can pipe from cat:

$ cat inputs.txt | python -m stdindemo
foo
bar
baz

Or we can just redirect the file from stdin:

$ python -m stdindemo < inputs.txt 
foo
bar
baz

We can also execute the module as a script:

$ python stdindemo.py < inputs.txt 
foo
bar
baz

Here's the help on the builtin input from Python 3:

input(prompt=None, /)
    Read a string from standard input.  The trailing newline is stripped.
    
    The prompt string, if given, is printed to standard output without a
    trailing newline before reading input.
    
    If the user hits EOF (*nix: Ctrl-D, Windows: Ctrl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
    On *nix systems, readline is used if available.

sys.stdin

Here we make a demo script using sys.stdin. The efficient way to iterate over a file-like object is to use the file-like object as an iterator. The complementary method to write to stdout from this input is to simply use sys.stdout.write:

$ python -c "print('import sys\nfor line in sys.stdin:\n    sys.stdout.write(line)')" > stdindemo2.py

Print it back out to make sure it looks right:

$ python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())" < stdindemo2.py 
import sys
for line in sys.stdin:
    sys.stdout.write(line)

And redirecting the inputs into the file:

$ python -m stdindemo2 < inputs.txt
foo
bar
baz

Golfed into a command:

$ python -c "import sys; sys.stdout.write(sys.stdin.read())" < inputs.txt
foo
bar
baz

File Descriptors for Golfing

Since the file descriptors for stdin and stdout are 0 and 1 respectively, we can also pass those to open in Python 3 (not 2, and note that we still need the 'w' for writing to stdout).

If this works on your system, it will shave off more characters.

$ python -c "open(1,'w').write(open(0).read())" < inputs.txt
baz
bar
foo

Python 2's io.open does this as well, but the import takes a lot more space:

$ python -c "from io import open; open(1,'w').write(open(0).read())" < inputs.txt 
foo
bar
baz

Addressing other comments and answers

One comment suggests ''.join(sys.stdin) for golfing but that's actually longer than sys.stdin.read() - plus Python must create an extra list in memory (that's how str.join works when not given a list) - for contrast:

''.join(sys.stdin)
sys.stdin.read()

The top answer suggests:

import fileinput

for line in fileinput.input():
    pass

But, since sys.stdin implements the file API, including the iterator protocol, that's just the same as this:

import sys

for line in sys.stdin:
    pass

Another answer does suggest this. Just remember that if you do it in an interpreter, you'll need to do Ctrl-d if you're on Linux or Mac, or Ctrl-z on Windows (after Enter) to send the end-of-file character to the process. Also, that answer suggests print(line) - which adds a '\n' to the end - use print(line, end='') instead (if in Python 2, you'll need from __future__ import print_function).

The real use-case for fileinput is for reading in a series of files.

Answer 3

Nonblocking, bytemode, stdin -> stdout:

# pipe.py

import os, sys, time

os.set_blocking(0, False)
sys.stdin = os.fdopen(0, 'rb', 0)
sys.stdout = os.fdopen(1, 'wb', 0)

while 1:
    time.sleep(.1)
    try: out = sys.stdin.read()
    except:
        sys.stdout.write(b"E")
        continue
    if out is None:
        sys.stdout.write(b"N")
        continue
    if not out:
        sys.stdout.write(b"_")
        break
    # working..
    out = b"<" + out + b">"
    sys.stdout.write(out)

sys.stdout.write(b".\n")

Usage:

$ for i in 1 2 3; do sleep 1; printf "===$i==="; done | python3 pipe.py
NNNNNNNNN<===1===>NNNNNNNNN<===2===>NNNNNNNNN<===3===>_.

Minimal code:

import os, sys

os.set_blocking(0, False)
fd0 = os.fdopen(0, 'rb', 0)
fd1 = os.fdopen(1, 'wb', 0)

while 1:
    bl = fd0.read()
    if bl is None: continue
    if not bl: break
    fd1.write(bl)

Tested on Linux, Python 3.9.2

Answer 4

Use the fileinput module:

import fileinput

for line in fileinput.input():
    pass

fileinput will loop through all the lines in the input specified as file names given in command-line arguments, or the standard input if no arguments are provided.

Note: line will contain a trailing newline; to remove it use line.rstrip().

Answer 5

I am pretty amazed no one had mentioned this hack so far:

python -c "import sys; set(map(sys.stdout.write,sys.stdin))"

in python2 you can drop the set() call, but it would work either way

Answer 6

Since Python 3.8 you can use assignment expression:

while (line := input()):
    print(line)

Answer 7

When using -c command, as a tricky way, instead of reading the stdin (and more flexible in some cases) you can pass a shell script command as well to your python command by putting the shell command in quotes within a parenthesis started by $ sign.

e.g.

python3 -c "import sys; print(len(sys.argv[1].split('\n')))" "$(cat ~/.goldendict/history)"

This will count the number of lines from goldendict's history file.

Answer 8

I use the following method, it returns a string from stdin (I use it for json parsing). It works with pipe and prompt on Windows (not tested on Linux yet). When prompting, two line breaks indicate end of input.

def get_from_stdin():

  lb = 0
  stdin = ''

  for line in sys.stdin:
    if line == "\n":
        lb += 1
        if lb == 2:
            break
    else:
        lb = 0
        stdin += line

  return stdin

Answer 9

import sys

for line in sys.stdin:
    print(line)

Note that this will include a newline character at the end. To remove the newline at the end, use line.rstrip() as @brittohalloran said.

Answer 10

For Python 3 that would be:

# Filename e.g. cat.py
import sys

for line in sys.stdin:
    print(line, end="")

This is basically a simple form of cat(1), since it doesn't add a newline after each line. You can use this (after You marked the file executable using chmod +x cat.py such as:

echo Hello | ./cat.py

Answer 11

There is os.read(0, x) which reads xbytes from 0 which represents stdin. This is an unbuffered read, more low level than sys.stdin.read()

Answer 12

argparse is an easy solution

Example compatible with both Python versions 2 and 3:

#!/usr/bin/python

import argparse
import sys

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()

parser.add_argument('infile',
                    default=sys.stdin,
                    type=argparse.FileType('r'),
                    nargs='?')

args = parser.parse_args()

data = args.infile.read()

You can run this script in many ways:

1. Using stdin

echo 'foo bar' | ./above-script.py

  or shorter by replacing echo by here string:

./above-script.py <<< 'foo bar'

2. Using a filename argument

echo 'foo bar' > my-file.data
./above-script.py my-file.data

3. Using stdin through the special filename -

echo 'foo bar' | ./above-script.py -

Answer 13

There's a few ways to do it.

• sys.stdin is a file-like object on which you can call functions read or readlines if you want to read everything or you want to read everything and split it by newline automatically. (You need to import sys for this to work.)

• If you want to prompt the user for input, you can use raw_input in Python 2.X, and just input in Python 3.

• If you actually just want to read command-line options, you can access them via the sys.argv list.

You will probably find this Wikibook article on I/O in Python to be a useful reference as well.

Answer 14

The following chip of code will help you (it will read all of stdin blocking unto EOF, into one string):

import sys
input_str = sys.stdin.read()
print input_str.split()

Answer 15

Here's from Learning Python:

import sys
data = sys.stdin.readlines()
print "Counted", len(data), "lines."

---

On Unix, you could test it by doing something like:

% cat countlines.py | python countlines.py 
Counted 3 lines.

On Windows or DOS, you'd do:

C:\> type countlines.py | python countlines.py 
Counted 3 lines.

Answer 16

The problem I have with solution

import sys

for line in sys.stdin:
    print(line)

is that if you don't pass any data to stdin, it will block forever. That's why I love this answer: check if there is some data on stdin first, and then read it. This is what I ended up doing:

import sys
import select

# select(files to read from, files to write to, magic, timeout)
# timeout=0.0 is essential b/c we want to know the asnwer right away
if select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0.0)[0]:
    help_file_fragment = sys.stdin.read()
else:
    print("No data passed to stdin", file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(2)

Answer 17

Python also has built-in functions input() and raw_input(). See the Python documentation under Built-in Functions.

For example,

name = raw_input("Enter your name: ")   # Python 2.x

or

name = input("Enter your name: ")   # Python 3

Answer 18

Regarding this:

for line in sys.stdin:

I just tried it on python 2.7 (following someone else's suggestion) for a very large file, and I don't recommend it, precisely for the reasons mentioned above (nothing happens for a long time).

I ended up with a slightly more pythonic solution (and it works on bigger files):

with open(sys.argv[1], 'r') as f:
    for line in f:

Then I can run the script locally as:

python myscript.py "0 1 2 3 4..." # can be a multi-line string or filename - any std.in input will work

Answer 19

Read from sys.stdin, but to read binary data on Windows, you need to be extra careful, because sys.stdin there is opened in text mode and it will corrupt \r\n replacing them with \n.

The solution is to set mode to binary if Windows + Python 2 is detected, and on Python 3 use sys.stdin.buffer.

import sys

PY3K = sys.version_info >= (3, 0)

if PY3K:
    source = sys.stdin.buffer
else:
    # Python 2 on Windows opens sys.stdin in text mode, and
    # binary data that read from it becomes corrupted on \r\n
    if sys.platform == "win32":
        # set sys.stdin to binary mode
        import os, msvcrt
        msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdin.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
    source = sys.stdin

b = source.read()

Answer 20

Building on all the anwers using sys.stdin, you can also do something like the following to read from an argument file if at least one argument exists, and fall back to stdin otherwise:

import sys
f = open(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else sys.stdin    
for line in f:
#     Do your stuff

and use it as either

$ python do-my-stuff.py infile.txt

or

$ cat infile.txt | python do-my-stuff.py

or even

$ python do-my-stuff.py < infile.txt

That would make your Python script behave like many GNU/Unix programs such as cat, grep and sed.

Answer 21

You can read from stdin and then store inputs into "data" as follows:

data = ""
for line in sys.stdin:
    data += line

Answer 22

I had some issues when getting this to work for reading over sockets piped to it. When the socket got closed it started returning empty string in an active loop. So this is my solution to it (which I only tested in linux, but hope it works in all other systems)

import sys, os
sep=os.linesep

while sep == os.linesep:
    data = sys.stdin.readline()               
    sep = data[-len(os.linesep):]
    print '> "%s"' % data.strip()

So if you start listening on a socket it will work properly (e.g. in bash):

while :; do nc -l 12345 | python test.py ; done

And you can call it with telnet or just point a browser to localhost:12345

Answer 23

The answer proposed by others:

for line in sys.stdin:
  print line

is very simple and pythonic, but it must be noted that the script will wait until EOF before starting to iterate on the lines of input.

This means that tail -f error_log | myscript.py will not process lines as expected.

The correct script for such a use case would be:

while 1:
    try:
        line = sys.stdin.readline()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        break

    if not line:
        break

    print line

UPDATE
From the comments it has been cleared that on python 2 only there might be buffering involved, so that you end up waiting for the buffer to fill or EOF before the print call is issued.

Answer 24

Try this:

import sys

print sys.stdin.read().upper()

and check it with:

$ echo "Hello World" | python myFile.py

Answer 25

This will echo standard input to standard output:

import sys
line = sys.stdin.readline()
while line:
    print line,
    line = sys.stdin.readline()