CODEWITHSUNDEEP
regexshellfindmanual
derrdji
derrdji

Reputation: 13321

How to use '-prune' option of 'find' in sh?

I don't quite understand the example given from the man find, can anyone give me some examples and explanations? Can I combine regular expression in it?

The more detailed question is like this:

Write a shell script, changeall, which has an interface like changeall [-r|-R] "string1" "string2". It will find all files with an suffix of .h, .C, .cc, or .cpp and change all occurrences of string1 to string2. -r is option for staying in current dir only or including subdir's.

NOTE:

  1. For non-recursive case, ls is NOT allowed, we could only use find and sed.
  2. I tried find -depth but it was NOT supported. That's why I was wondering if -prune could help, but didn't understand the example from man find.

EDIT2: I was doing assignment, I didn't ask question in great details because I would like to finish it myself. Since I already done it and hand it in, now I can state the whole question. Also, I managed to finish the assignment without using -prune, but would like to learn it anyway.

Upvotes: 291

Views: 162478

Answers (10)

crw
crw

Reputation: 685

Adding to the advice given in other answers (I have no rep to create replies)...

When combining -prune with other expressions, there is a subtle difference in behavior depending on which other expressions are used.

@Laurence Gonsalves' example will find the "*.foo" files that aren't under ".snapshot" directories:-

find . -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo' -print

However, this slightly different short-hand will, perhaps inadvertently, also list the .snapshot directory (and any nested .snapshot directories):-

find . -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo'

According to the posix manpage, the reason is:

If the given expression does not contain any of the primaries -exec, -ls, -ok, or -print, the given expression is effectively replaced by:

( given_expression ) -print

That is, the second example is the equivalent of entering the following, thereby modifying the grouping of terms:-

find . \( -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo' \) -print

This has at least been seen on Solaris 5.10. Having used various flavors of *nix for approx 10 years, I've only recently searched for a reason why this occurs.

Upvotes: 23

AdamW
AdamW

Reputation: 1061

Prune is a "do not recurse at this file" switch (action).

From the man page

If -depth is not given, true; if the file is a directory, do not descend into it. If -depth is given, false; no effect.

Basically it will not descend into any sub directories.

Take this example:

You have the following directories:

% find home
home
home/test1
home/test1/test1
home/test2
home/test2/test2

find home -name test2 will print both the parent and the child directories named test2:

% find home -name test2
home/test2
home/test2/test2

Now, with -prune...

find home -name test2 -prune will print only /home/test2; it will not descend into /home/test2 to find /home/test2/test2:

% find home -name test2 -prune
home/test2

Upvotes: 2

AmitP
AmitP

Reputation: 5473

Normally, the native way we do things in Linux, and the way we think, is from left to right.

You would go and write what you are looking for first:

find / -name "*.php"

Then, you hit ENTER and realize you are getting too many files from directories you wish not to.

So, you think "let's exclude /media to avoid searching mounted drives."

You should now just append the following to the previous command:

-print -o -path '/media' -prune

and the final command is:

find / -name "*.php" -print -o -path '/media' -prune

|<--      Include      -->|<--      Exclude      -->|

I think this structure is much easier and correlates to the right approach.

Upvotes: 41

Laurence Gonsalves
Laurence Gonsalves

Reputation: 143144

The thing I'd found confusing about -prune is that it's an action (like -print), not a test (like -name). It alters the "to-do" list, but always returns true.

The general pattern for using -prune is this:

find [path] [conditions to prune] -prune -o \
            [your usual conditions] [actions to perform]

You pretty much always want the -o (logical OR) immediately after -prune, because that first part of the test (up to and including -prune) will return false for the stuff you actually want (ie: the stuff you don't want to prune out).

Here's an example:

find . -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo' -print

This will find the "*.foo" files that aren't under ".snapshot" directories. In this example, -name .snapshot makes up the [conditions to prune], and -name '*.foo' -print is [your usual conditions] and [actions to perform].

Important notes:

  1. If all you want to do is print the results you might be used to leaving out the -print action. You generally don't want to do that when using -prune.

    The default behavior of find is to "and" the entire expression with the -print action if there are no actions other than -prune (ironically) at the end. That means that writing this:

     find . -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo'              # DON'T DO THIS

    is equivalent to writing this:

     find . \( -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo' \) -print # DON'T DO THIS

    which means that it'll also print out the name of the directory you're pruning, which usually isn't what you want. Instead it's better to explicitly specify the -print action if that's what you want:

     find . -name .snapshot -prune -o -name '*.foo' -print       # DO THIS

  2. If your "usual condition" happens to match files that also match your prune condition, those files will not be included in the output. The way to fix this is to add a -type d predicate to your prune condition.

    For example, suppose we wanted to prune out any directory that started with .git (this is admittedly somewhat contrived -- normally you only need to remove the thing named exactly .git), but other than that wanted to see all files, including files like .gitignore. You might try this:

    find . -name '.git*' -prune -o -type f -print               # DON'T DO THIS

    This would not include .gitignore in the output. Here's the fixed version:

    find . -name '.git*' -type d -prune -o -type f -print       # DO THIS

Extra tip: if you're using the GNU version of find, the texinfo page for find has a more detailed explanation than its manpage (as is true for most GNU utilities).

Upvotes: 590

Neithan Max
Neithan Max

Reputation: 11766

There are quite a few answers; some of them are a bit too much theory-heavy. I'll leave why I needed prune once so maybe the need-first/example kind of explanation is useful to someone :)

Problem

I had a folder with about 20 node directories, each having its node_modules directory as expected.

Once you get into any project, you see each ../node_modules/module. But you know how it is. Almost every module has dependencies, so what you are looking at is more like projectN/node_modules/moduleX/node_modules/moduleZ...

I didn't want to drown with a list with the dependency of the dependency of...

Knowing -d n / -depth n, it wouldn't have helped me, as the main/first node_modules directory I wanted of each project was at a different depth, like this:

Projects/MysuperProjectName/project/node_modules/...
Projects/Whatshisname/version3/project/node_modules/...
Projects/project/node_modules/...
Projects/MysuperProjectName/testProject/november2015Copy/project/node_modules/...
[...]

How can I get the first a list of paths ending at the first node_modules and move to the next project to get the same?

Enter -prune

When you add -prune, you'll still have a standard recursive search. Each "path" is analyzed, and every find gets spit out and find keeps digging down like a good chap. But it's the digging down for more node_modules what I didn't want.

So, the difference is that in any of those different paths, -prune will find to stop digging further down that particular avenue when it has found your item. In my case, the node_modules folder.

Upvotes: 0

seeker_of_bacon
seeker_of_bacon

Reputation: 2429

find builds a list of files. It applies the predicate you supplied to each one and returns those that pass.

This idea that -prune means exclude from results was really confusing for me. You can exclude a file without prune:

find -name 'bad_guy' -o -name 'good_guy' -print  // good_guy

All -prune does is alter the behavior of the search. If the current match is a directory, it says "hey find, that file you just matched, dont descend into it". It just removes that tree (but not the file itself) from the list of files to search.

It should be named -dont-descend.

Upvotes: 3

Devon
Devon

Reputation: 1093

Show everything including dir itself but not its long boring contents:

find . -print -name dir -prune

Upvotes: 2

sabgenton
sabgenton

Reputation: 1893

If you read all the good answers here my understanding now is that the following all return the same results:

find . -path ./dir1\*  -prune -o -print

find . -path ./dir1  -prune -o -print

find . -path ./dir1\*  -o -print
#look no prune at all!

But the last one will take a lot longer as it still searches out everything in dir1. I guess the real question is how to -or out unwanted results without actually searching them.

So I guess prune means don't decent past matches but mark it as done...

http://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/manual/html_mono/find.html "This however is not due to the effect of the ‘-prune’ action (which only prevents further descent, it doesn't make sure we ignore that item). Instead, this effect is due to the use of ‘-o’. Since the left hand side of the “or” condition has succeeded for ./src/emacs, it is not necessary to evaluate the right-hand-side (‘-print’) at all for this particular file."

Upvotes: 1

sabgenton
sabgenton

Reputation: 1893

I am no expert at this (and this page was very helpful along with http://mywiki.wooledge.org/UsingFind)

Just noticed -path is for a path that fully matches the string/path that comes just after find (. in theses examples) where as -name matches all basenames.

find . -path ./.git  -prune -o -name file  -print

blocks the .git directory in your current directory ( as your finding in . )

find . -name .git  -prune -o -name file  -print

blocks all .git subdirectories recursively.

Note the ./ is extremely important!! -path must match a path anchored to . or whatever comes just after find if you get matches with out it (from the other side of the or '-o') there probably not being pruned! I was naively unaware of this and it put me of using -path when it is great when you don't want to prune all subdirectory with the same basename :D

Upvotes: 5

Dennis Williamson
Dennis Williamson

Reputation: 360015

Beware that -prune does not prevent descending into any directory as some have said. It prevents descending into directories that match the test it's applied to. Perhaps some examples will help (see the bottom for a regex example). Sorry for this being so lengthy.

$ find . -printf "%y %p\n"    # print the file type the first time FYI
d .
f ./test
d ./dir1
d ./dir1/test
f ./dir1/test/file
f ./dir1/test/test
d ./dir1/scripts
f ./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
f ./dir1/scripts/myscript.sh
f ./dir1/scripts/myscript.py
d ./dir2
d ./dir2/test
f ./dir2/test/file
f ./dir2/test/myscript.pl
f ./dir2/test/myscript.sh

$ find . -name test
./test
./dir1/test
./dir1/test/test
./dir2/test

$ find . -prune
.

$ find . -name test -prune
./test
./dir1/test
./dir2/test

$ find . -name test -prune -o -print
.
./dir1
./dir1/scripts
./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
./dir1/scripts/myscript.sh
./dir1/scripts/myscript.py
./dir2

$ find . -regex ".*/my.*p.$"
./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
./dir1/scripts/myscript.py
./dir2/test/myscript.pl

$ find . -name test -prune -regex ".*/my.*p.$"
(no results)

$ find . -name test -prune -o -regex ".*/my.*p.$"
./test
./dir1/test
./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
./dir1/scripts/myscript.py
./dir2/test

$ find . -regex ".*/my.*p.$" -a -not -regex ".*test.*"
./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
./dir1/scripts/myscript.py

$ find . -not -regex ".*test.*"                   .
./dir1
./dir1/scripts
./dir1/scripts/myscript.pl
./dir1/scripts/myscript.sh
./dir1/scripts/myscript.py
./dir2

Upvotes: 32

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