CODEWITHSUNDEEP
c++expressiondigraphs
Xeo
Xeo

Reputation: 131789

What is this smiley-with-beard expression: "<:]{%>"?

I came across the following program, which compiles without errors or even warnings:

int main(){
  <:]{%>; // smile!
}

Live example.

What does the program do, and what is that smiley-expression?

Upvotes: 305

Views: 13763

Answers (4)

Drew Dormann
Drew Dormann

Reputation: 63775

The program is using digraphs, which allow C++ programming with keyboards (or text encodings) that may not have the characters C++ typically uses.

The code resolves to this:

int main(){
  []{}; // smile!
}

Upvotes: 69

David G
David G

Reputation: 96810

The program uses digraphs to represent the following:

[] {};

This is a lambda expression that does nothing. The corresponding symbols have these equivalents:

<: = [
%> = }

Though they are generally unneeded today, digraphs are useful for when your keyboard lacks certain keys necessary to use C++'s basic source character set, namely the graphical ones. The combination of the characters that make up a digraph are processed as a single token. This in turn makes up for any insufficiently-equipped keyboards or other such hardware or software.

Upvotes: 365

Khaled.K
Khaled.K

Reputation: 5940

int main(){
  <:]{%>; // smile!
}

It's basically a Lambda expression (Lambda expression is one of C++11 features) using digraphs (both digraphs and trigraphs works on C++):

[] {};

Using only digraphs:

<:]<%}; 

<:]<%%>;

[:>{%>; // like my cubic hat?

[:><%};

[:><%%>;

Mixing them with Trigraphs:

<:??)<%??>; // popeye

??(:>{??>; // pirate

Upvotes: 62

R. Martinho Fernandes
R. Martinho Fernandes

Reputation: 234444

That's an empty lambda using a digraph disguise. Normal lambdas don't have beards.

Upvotes: 300

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