Reputation: 52358
So what I'm looking for here is something like PHP's print_r function.
This is so I can debug my scripts by seeing what's the state of the object in question.
Upvotes: 1524
Views: 1404197
Reputation: 4515
I have not tested performance, but I believe this is the fastest method to enumerate just the properties / attributes / keys of any object in Python as a list.
# If core==False, ignore __k__ entries
def obj_props(obj, core=False) -> list:
assert not obj is None, f"obj must not be null (None)"
_props = []
_use_dir=False
def _add(p):
if not core and p.startswith('__'): return
_props.append(p)
if hasattr(obj, '__dict__'):
for p in obj.__dict__.keys(): _add(p)
elif hasattr(obj, '__slots__'):
for p in obj.__slots__: _add(p)
elif hasattr(obj, 'keys'):
try:
for p in obj.keys(): _add(p)
except Exception as ex:
_props = []
_use_dir = True
else:
_use_dir = True
if _use_dir:
# fall back to slow and steady
for p in dir(obj):
if not core and p.startswith('__'): continue
v = getattr(obj, p)
v_t = type(v).__name__
if v_t in ('function', 'method', 'builtin_function_or_method', 'method-wrapper'): continue
_props.append(p)
return _props
The above should work with regular python objects (with __dict__
), objects using slots (__slots__
) and even work with dictionary like objects.
Most other examples utilize dir(obj)
which will enumerate all methods and properties of an object which will take a performance hit if you only need its properties.
Upvotes: 0
Reputation: 719
I wanted to var_dump / print_r the browser state of Selenium, but some of its class properties are not always implemented / accessible (depending on the browser used), which causes exceptions in some cases. None of the solutions posted so far seemed to be able to work around that problem, so I was unable to dump all properties before things crashed. This is the only clean solution I could come up with:
import warnings
def dump(obj):
for name in dir(obj):
e = False
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
try:
v = getattr(obj, name)
except:
e = True
warnings.simplefilter("default")
if not e:
print("obj.%s = %r" % (name, v))
else:
print("<inaccessible property obj.%s>" % name)
This also suppresses warnings (e.g. deprecations) upon accessing properties. Note that it is not recursive.
Upvotes: 1
Reputation: 383914
@dataclass
+ pprint
(recursive, indented, no external libs, Python 3.10)
@dataclass
is just amazing, and pprint
from Python 3.10 learnt to print dataclasses with indentation, so if you can convert your code to @dataclass
this is a very good approach:
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pprint import pprint
@dataclass
class MyClass1:
s: str
n0: int
n1: int
n2: int
n3: int
n4: int
n5: int
n6: int
n7: int
n8: int
n9: int
@dataclass
class MyClass2:
s: str
n0: int
n1: int
n2: int
n3: int
n4: int
n5: int
n6: int
n7: int
n8: int
n9: int
my_class_1: MyClass1
obj = MyClass2(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9, my_class_1=MyClass1(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9))
print(obj)
pprint(obj)
Output:
MyClass2(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9, my_class_1=MyClass1(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9))
MyClass2(s='a',
n0=0,
n1=1,
n2=2,
n3=3,
n4=4,
n5=5,
n6=6,
n7=7,
n8=8,
n9=9,
my_class_1=MyClass1(s='a',
n0=0,
n1=1,
n2=2,
n3=3,
n4=4,
n5=5,
n6=6,
n7=7,
n8=8,
n9=9))
See also: Pretty-print dataclasses prettier with line breaks and indentation
@dataclass
also gives you other very good features for free:
__hash__
and __eq__
: Object of custom type as dictionary key__slots__
: Prevent creating new attributes outside __init__Vs other answers
Let's create a comparable non @dataclass
code
from pprint import pprint
class MyClass1:
def __init__(self, s, n0, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9):
self.s = s
self.n0 = n0
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
self.n3 = n3
self.n4 = n4
self.n5 = n5
self.n6 = n6
self.n7 = n7
self.n8 = n8
self.n9 = n9
class MyClass2:
def __init__(self, s, n0, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9, my_class_1):
self.s = s
self.n0 = n0
self.n1 = n1
self.n2 = n2
self.n3 = n3
self.n4 = n4
self.n5 = n5
self.n6 = n6
self.n7 = n7
self.n8 = n8
self.n9 = n9
self.n9 = n9
self.my_class_1 = my_class_1
obj = MyClass2(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9, my_class_1=MyClass1(s='a', n0=0, n1=1, n2=2, n3=3, n4=4, n5=5, n6=6, n7=7, n8=8, n9=9))
pprint(vars(obj))
pprint(vars(obj))
output is non-recursive:
{'my_class_1': <__main__.MyClass1 object at 0x7fee21a9bf70>,
'n0': 0,
'n1': 1,
'n2': 2,
'n3': 3,
'n4': 4,
'n5': 5,
'n6': 6,
'n7': 7,
'n8': 8,
'n9': 9,
's': 'a'}
Tested on Python 3.10.7, Ubuntu 22.10.
Upvotes: 1
Reputation: 13275
If you want to see all the values in a complex data structure, then do something like:
from pprint import pprint
pprint(my_var)
Where my_var is your variable of interest. When I used pprint(vars(my_var))
I got nothing, and other answers here didn't help or the method looked unnecessarily long. By the way, in my particular case, the code I was inspecting had a dictionary of dictionaries.
Worth pointing out that with some custom classes you may just end up with an unhelpful <someobject.ExampleClass object at 0x7f739267f400>
kind of output. In that case, you might have to implement a __str__
method, or try some of the other solutions.
I also found that in one instance where I got this object
type of output, vars()
showed me what I wanted. So a better solution to cover both cases would be to try both individually. But using vars()
can sometimes throw an exception, for example, TypeError: vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute
.
I'd still like to find something simple that works in all scenarios, without third party libraries.
Upvotes: 5
Reputation: 14355
pprint contains a “pretty printer” for producing aesthetically pleasing representations of your data structures. The formatter produces representations of data structures that can be parsed correctly by the interpreter, and are also easy for a human to read. The output is kept on a single line, if possible, and indented when split across multiple lines.
Upvotes: 2
Reputation: 40232
dir
has been mentioned, but that'll only give you the attributes' names. If you want their values as well, try __dict__
.
class O:
def __init__ (self):
self.value = 3
o = O()
Here is the output:
>>> o.__dict__
{'value': 3}
Upvotes: 117
Reputation: 1366
While there are many good answers, here is a 1-liner that can give the attributes AS WELL AS values:
(str(vars(config)).split(",")[1:])
where 'config' is the object in question. I am listing this as a separate answer because I just wanted to simply print the relevant values of the object (excl the __main etc) without using loops or pretty print and didn't find a convenient answer.
Upvotes: 3
Reputation: 395603
Is there a built-in function to print all the current properties and values of an object?
No. The most upvoted answer excludes some kinds of attributes, and the accepted answer shows how to get all attributes, including methods and parts of the non-public api. But there is no good complete builtin function for this.
So the short corollary is that you can write your own, but it will calculate properties and other calculated data-descriptors that are part of the public API, and you might not want that:
from pprint import pprint
from inspect import getmembers
from types import FunctionType
def attributes(obj):
disallowed_names = {
name for name, value in getmembers(type(obj))
if isinstance(value, FunctionType)}
return {
name: getattr(obj, name) for name in dir(obj)
if name[0] != '_' and name not in disallowed_names and hasattr(obj, name)}
def print_attributes(obj):
pprint(attributes(obj))
Observe the application of the currently top voted answer on a class with a lot of different kinds of data members:
from pprint import pprint
class Obj:
__slots__ = 'foo', 'bar', '__dict__'
def __init__(self, baz):
self.foo = ''
self.bar = 0
self.baz = baz
@property
def quux(self):
return self.foo * self.bar
obj = Obj('baz')
pprint(vars(obj))
only prints:
{'baz': 'baz'}
Because vars
only returns the __dict__
of an object, and it's not a copy, so if you modify the dict returned by vars, you're also modifying the __dict__
of the object itself.
vars(obj)['quux'] = 'WHAT?!'
vars(obj)
returns:
{'baz': 'baz', 'quux': 'WHAT?!'}
-- which is bad because quux is a property that we shouldn't be setting and shouldn't be in the namespace...
Applying the advice in the currently accepted answer (and others) is not much better:
>>> dir(obj)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__slots__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'bar', 'baz', 'foo', 'quux']
As we can see, dir
only returns all (actually just most) of the names associated with an object.
inspect.getmembers
, mentioned in the comments, is similarly flawed - it returns all names and values.
When teaching I have my students create a function that provides the semantically public API of an object:
def api(obj):
return [name for name in dir(obj) if name[0] != '_']
We can extend this to provide a copy of the semantic namespace of an object, but we need to exclude __slots__
that aren't assigned, and if we're taking the request for "current properties" seriously, we need to exclude calculated properties (as they could become expensive, and could be interpreted as not "current"):
from types import FunctionType
from inspect import getmembers
def attrs(obj):
disallowed_properties = {
name for name, value in getmembers(type(obj))
if isinstance(value, (property, FunctionType))
}
return {
name: getattr(obj, name) for name in api(obj)
if name not in disallowed_properties and hasattr(obj, name)
}
And now we do not calculate or show the property, quux:
>>> attrs(obj)
{'bar': 0, 'baz': 'baz', 'foo': ''}
But perhaps we do know our properties aren't expensive. We may want to alter the logic to include them as well. And perhaps we want to exclude other custom data descriptors instead.
Then we need to further customize this function. And so it makes sense that we cannot have a built-in function that magically knows exactly what we want and provides it. This is functionality we need to create ourselves.
There is no built-in function that does this, and you should do what is most semantically appropriate for your situation.
Upvotes: 97
Reputation: 81
vars() seems to show the attributes of this object, but dir() seems to show attributes of parent class(es) as well. You don't usually need to see inherited attributes such as str, doc. dict etc.
In [1]: class Aaa():
...: def __init__(self, name, age):
...: self.name = name
...: self.age = age
...:
In [2]: class Bbb(Aaa):
...: def __init__(self, name, age, job):
...: super().__init__(name, age)
...: self.job = job
...:
In [3]: a = Aaa('Pullayya',42)
In [4]: b = Bbb('Yellayya',41,'Cop')
In [5]: vars(a)
Out[5]: {'name': 'Pullayya', 'age': 42}
In [6]: vars(b)
Out[6]: {'name': 'Yellayya', 'age': 41, 'job': 'Cop'}
In [7]: dir(a)
Out[7]:
['__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dict__',
'__dir__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
...
...
'__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__',
'age',
'name']
Upvotes: 2
Reputation: 3500
This project modifies pprint to show all object field values, it ignores he objects __repr__
member function, it also recurses into nested objects. It works with python3, see https://github.com/MoserMichael/pprintex
You can install it via pip: pip install printex
Upvotes: 1
Reputation: 2207
From the answer, it can be slightly modified to get only 'Attributes' of an object as below:
def getAttributes(obj):
from pprint import pprint
from inspect import getmembers
from types import FunctionType
def attributes(obj):
disallowed_names = {
name for name, value in getmembers(type(obj))
if isinstance(value, FunctionType)}
return {
name for name in dir(obj)
if name[0] != '_' and name not in disallowed_names and hasattr(obj, name)}
pprint(attributes(obj))
It is helpful when adding this function temporary and can be removed without many changes in existing source code
Upvotes: 0
Reputation: 558
This works no matter how your varibles are defined within a class, inside __init__ or outside.
your_obj = YourObj()
attrs_with_value = {attr: getattr(your_obj, attr) for attr in dir(your_obj)}
Upvotes: 5
Reputation: 46439
I recommend using help(your_object)
.
help(dir)
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope. Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it. If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise the default dir() logic is used and returns: for a module object: the module's attributes. for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of its bases. for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
help(vars)
Without arguments, equivalent to locals(). With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
Upvotes: 22
Reputation: 787
Just try beeprint.
It will help you not only with printing object variables, but beautiful output as well, like this:
class(NormalClassNewStyle):
dicts: {
},
lists: [],
static_props: 1,
tupl: (1, 2)
Upvotes: 3
Reputation: 79810
def dump(obj):
for attr in dir(obj):
print("obj.%s = %r" % (attr, getattr(obj, attr)))
There are many 3rd-party functions out there that add things like exception handling, national/special character printing, recursing into nested objects etc. according to their authors' preferences. But they all basically boil down to this.
Upvotes: 315
Reputation: 683
For everybody struggling with
vars()
not returning all attributes. dir()
not returning the attributes' values.The following code prints all attributes of obj
with their values:
for attr in dir(obj):
try:
print("obj.{} = {}".format(attr, getattr(obj, attr)))
except AttributeError:
print("obj.{} = ?".format(attr))
Upvotes: 2
Reputation: 27424
You want vars()
mixed with pprint()
:
from pprint import pprint
pprint(vars(your_object))
Upvotes: 1402
Reputation:
You are really mixing together two different things.
Use dir()
, vars()
or the inspect
module to get what you are interested in (I use __builtins__
as an example; you can use any object instead).
>>> l = dir(__builtins__)
>>> d = __builtins__.__dict__
Print that dictionary however fancy you like:
>>> print l
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError',...
or
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(l)
['ArithmeticError',
'AssertionError',
'AttributeError',
'BaseException',
'DeprecationWarning',
...
>>> pprint(d, indent=2)
{ 'ArithmeticError': <type 'exceptions.ArithmeticError'>,
'AssertionError': <type 'exceptions.AssertionError'>,
'AttributeError': <type 'exceptions.AttributeError'>,
...
'_': [ 'ArithmeticError',
'AssertionError',
'AttributeError',
'BaseException',
'DeprecationWarning',
...
Pretty printing is also available in the interactive debugger as a command:
(Pdb) pp vars()
{'__builtins__': {'ArithmeticError': <type 'exceptions.ArithmeticError'>,
'AssertionError': <type 'exceptions.AssertionError'>,
'AttributeError': <type 'exceptions.AttributeError'>,
'BaseException': <type 'exceptions.BaseException'>,
'BufferError': <type 'exceptions.BufferError'>,
...
'zip': <built-in function zip>},
'__file__': 'pass.py',
'__name__': '__main__'}
Upvotes: 814
Reputation: 9275
I like working with python object built-in types keys or values.
For attributes regardless they are methods or variables:
o.keys()
For values of those attributes:
o.values()
Upvotes: -2
Reputation: 131
Why not something simple:
for key,value in obj.__dict__.iteritems():
print key,value
Upvotes: 5
Reputation: 1738
Try ppretty
from ppretty import ppretty
class A(object):
s = 5
def __init__(self):
self._p = 8
@property
def foo(self):
return range(10)
print ppretty(A(), show_protected=True, show_static=True, show_properties=True)
Output:
__main__.A(_p = 8, foo = [0, 1, ..., 8, 9], s = 5)
Upvotes: 11
Reputation: 14772
You can try the Flask Debug Toolbar.
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Flask-DebugToolbar
from flask import Flask
from flask_debugtoolbar import DebugToolbarExtension
app = Flask(__name__)
# the toolbar is only enabled in debug mode:
app.debug = True
# set a 'SECRET_KEY' to enable the Flask session cookies
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = '<replace with a secret key>'
toolbar = DebugToolbarExtension(app)
Upvotes: 0
Reputation: 37953
This prints out all the object contents recursively in json or yaml indented format:
import jsonpickle # pip install jsonpickle
import json
import yaml # pip install pyyaml
serialized = jsonpickle.encode(obj, max_depth=2) # max_depth is optional
print json.dumps(json.loads(serialized), indent=4)
print yaml.dump(yaml.load(serialized), indent=4)
Upvotes: 9
Reputation: 552
In most cases, using __dict__
or dir()
will get you the info you're wanting. If you should happen to need more details, the standard library includes the inspect module, which allows you to get some impressive amount of detail. Some of the real nuggests of info include:
If you're just looking for "what attribute values does my object have?", then dir()
and __dict__
are probably sufficient. If you're really looking to dig into the current state of arbitrary objects (keeping in mind that in python almost everything is an object), then inspect
is worthy of consideration.
Upvotes: 16
Reputation: 357
If you're using this for debugging, and you just want a recursive dump of everything, the accepted answer is unsatisfying because it requires that your classes have good __str__
implementations already. If that's not the case, this works much better:
import json
print(json.dumps(YOUR_OBJECT,
default=lambda obj: vars(obj),
indent=1))
Upvotes: 14
Reputation: 71
from pprint import pprint
def print_r(the_object):
print ("CLASS: ", the_object.__class__.__name__, " (BASE CLASS: ", the_object.__class__.__bases__,")")
pprint(vars(the_object))
Upvotes: 7
Reputation: 174
To dump "myObject":
from bson import json_util
import json
print(json.dumps(myObject, default=json_util.default, sort_keys=True, indent=4, separators=(',', ': ')))
I tried vars() and dir(); both failed for what I was looking for. vars() didn't work because the object didn't have __dict__ (exceptions.TypeError: vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute). dir() wasn't what I was looking for: it's just a listing of field names, doesn't give the values or the object structure.
I think json.dumps() would work for most objects without the default=json_util.default, but I had a datetime field in the object so the standard json serializer failed. See How to overcome "datetime.datetime not JSON serializable" in python?
Upvotes: 4
Reputation: 63
I was needing to print DEBUG info in some logs and was unable to use pprint because it would break it. Instead I did this and got virtually the same thing.
DO = DemoObject()
itemDir = DO.__dict__
for i in itemDir:
print '{0} : {1}'.format(i, itemDir[i])
Upvotes: 4
Reputation: 201
Might be worth checking out --
Is there a Python equivalent to Perl's Data::Dumper?
My recommendation is this --
https://gist.github.com/1071857
Note that perl has a module called Data::Dumper which translates object data back to perl source code (NB: it does NOT translate code back to source, and almost always you don't want to the object method functions in the output). This can be used for persistence, but the common purpose is for debugging.
There are a number of things standard python pprint fails to achieve, in particular it just stops descending when it sees an instance of an object and gives you the internal hex pointer of the object (errr, that pointer is not a whole lot of use by the way). So in a nutshell, python is all about this great object oriented paradigm, but the tools you get out of the box are designed for working with something other than objects.
The perl Data::Dumper allows you to control how deep you want to go, and also detects circular linked structures (that's really important). This process is fundamentally easier to achieve in perl because objects have no particular magic beyond their blessing (a universally well defined process).
Upvotes: 20
Reputation: 414685
A metaprogramming example Dump object with magic:
$ cat dump.py
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
if len(sys.argv) > 2:
module, metaklass = sys.argv[1:3]
m = __import__(module, globals(), locals(), [metaklass])
__metaclass__ = getattr(m, metaklass)
class Data:
def __init__(self):
self.num = 38
self.lst = ['a','b','c']
self.str = 'spam'
dumps = lambda self: repr(self)
__str__ = lambda self: self.dumps()
data = Data()
print data
Without arguments:
$ python dump.py
<__main__.Data instance at 0x00A052D8>
With Gnosis Utils:
$ python dump.py gnosis.magic MetaXMLPickler
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE PyObject SYSTEM "PyObjects.dtd">
<PyObject module="__main__" class="Data" id="11038416">
<attr name="lst" type="list" id="11196136" >
<item type="string" value="a" />
<item type="string" value="b" />
<item type="string" value="c" />
</attr>
<attr name="num" type="numeric" value="38" />
<attr name="str" type="string" value="spam" />
</PyObject>
It is a bit outdated but still working.
Upvotes: 9