Determine if __getattr__ is method or attribute call

Question

Is there any way to determine the difference between a method and an attribute call using __getattr__?

I.e. in:

class Bar(object):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if THIS_IS_A_METHOD_CALL:
            # Handle method call
            def method(**kwargs):
                return 'foo'
            return method
        else:
            # Handle attribute call
            return 'bar'

foo=Bar()
print(foo.test_method()) # foo
print(foo.test_attribute) # bar

The methods are not local so it's not possible to determine it using getattr/callable. I also understand that methods are attributes, and that there might not be a solution. Just hoping there is one.

Answer 1

To extend Martijn's answer a little bit:

This won't work in every situation, but you could return another instance of itself in order to have a bit more control over what happens afterwards.

This also allows attributes and calls to be chained.

And you can implement more methods than __str__ in order to provide different representations.

class CallableValue():
    name = None
    called = False
    args = []
    kwargs = {}

    def __init__(self, name = None, called=False, args=[], kwargs={}):
        self.name = name or "default"
        self.called = called
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return CallableValue(self.name, True, args, kwargs)
      
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return CallableValue(name)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name if not self.called else f"called {self.name} with {self.args} and {self.kwargs}"

t = CallableValue()
print(t)
print(t.attr)
print(t.something)
print(t.something1.something2.something3)
print(t.method())
print(t.other_method("value", key="value"))
print(t.something.method2("value"))
print(t.method1().method2().method3(key="value"))

Result:

default
attr
something
something3
called method with () and {}
called other_method with ('value',) and {'key': 'value'}
called method2 with ('value',) and {}
called method3 with () and {'key': 'value'}

Answer 2

It is not possible to know whether an attribute is subsequently called from __getattr__, which Martijn Pieters explains.

Although it does not determine whether an attribute is called, it is possible to know whether an attribute can be called with callable. Another way is to use type to keep track of the various objects, or make a list of attribute names.

class Foo(object):
    bar_attribute = 'callable'

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        instanceOrValue = getattr(self, "bar_%s" %name)

        if callable(instanceOrValue):
            # Handle object that can be called
            def wrap(**kwargs):
                return "is %s" %instanceOrValue(**kwargs)
            return wrap

        # Handle object that can not be called
        return 'not %s' %instanceOrValue

    def bar_method(self, **kwargs):
        return 'callable';
    

foo=Foo()
print(foo.method()) # is callable
print(foo.attribute) # not callable

__getattr__ can only keep track of certain things, but it can be the right solution in many situations because change calling (__call__) has an impact on calling in all situations and not only when the Foo class is used.

Difference between calling a method and accessing an attribute

What is a "callable"?

Python __call__ special method practical example

Answer 3

In short, no, there is no reliable way - the issue is that a method is an attribute in Python - there is no distinction made. It just happens to be an attribute that is a bound method.

You can check if the attribute is a method, but there is no guarantee that means it will be called, e.g:

class Test:
    def test(self):
        ...

Test().test  # This accesses the method, but doesn't call it!

There is no way for the call accessing the function to know if it's going to be called when it is returned - that's a future event that hasn't yet been processed.

If you are willing to assume that a method being accessed is a method being called, you can determine that it is a method being accessed with a check like this:

hasattr(value, "__self__") and value.__self__ is self

Where value is the attribute you want to check to see if it is a method or some other attribute, and self is the instance you want to see if it's a method for.

If you need something to happen when it is called, you could use this moment to decorate the function.

An solid code example of this can be found here.

Answer 4

You cannot tell how an object is going to used in the __getattr__ hook, at all. You can access methods without calling them, store them in a variable, and later call them, for example.

Return an object with a __call__ method, it'll be invoked when called:

class CallableValue(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print "Lo, {} was called!".format(self.name)

class Bar(object):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return CallableValue(name)

but instances of this will not be the same thing as a string or a list at the same time.

Demo:

>>> class CallableValue(object):
...     def __init__(self, name):
...         self.name = name
...     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...         print "Lo, {} was called!".format(self.name)
... 
>>> class Bar(object):
...     def __getattr__(self, name):
...         return CallableValue(name)
... 
>>> b = Bar()
>>> something = b.test_method
>>> something
<__main__.CallableValue object at 0x10ac3c290>
>>> something()
Lo, test_method was called!