Does 'final' specifier add any overhead?

Question

Does using specifier final on a class or on a function add any memory or cpu overhead, or is it used at compile time only?

And how does std::is_final recognise what is final?

Answer 1

It actually can reduce overhead. And in rare cases, increase it.

If you have a pointer to a final class A, any virtual method calls can be de-virtualized and called directly. Similarly, a call to a virtual final method can be de-virtualized. In addition, the inheritance tree of a final class is fixed, even if it contains virtual parent classes, so you can de-virtualize some parent access.

Each of these de-virtualizations reduce or eliminate the requirement that a run-time structure (the vtable) be queried.

There can be a slight downside. Some coding techniques rely on vtable access to avoid direct access to a symbol, and then do not export the symbol. Accessing a vtable can be done via convention (without symbols from a library, just the header file for the classes in question), while accessing a method directly involves linking against that symbol.

This breaks one form of dynamic C++ library linking (where you avoid linking more than a dll loading symbol and/or C linkage functions that return pointers, and classes are exported via their vtables).

It is also possible that if you link against a symbol in a dynamic library, the dynamic library symbol load could be more expensive than the vtable lookup. I have not experienced or profiled this, but I have seen it claimed. The benefits should, in general, outweigh such costs. Any such cost is a quality of implementation issue, as the cost is not mandated to occur because the method is final.

Finally, final inhibits the empty base optimization trick on classes, where someone knows your class has no state, and inherits from it to reduce the overhead of "storing" an instance of your class from 1 byte to 0 bytes. If your class is empty and contains no virtual methods/inheritance, don't use final to avoid this being blocked. There is no equivalent for final functions.

Other than the EBO optimization issue (which only occurs with empty types), any overhead from final comes from how other code interacts with it, and will be rare. Far more often it will make other code faster, as directly interacting with a method enables both a more direct call of the method, and can lead to knock-on optimizations (because the call can be more fully understood by the compiler).

Marking anything except an empty type as final when it is final is almost certainly harmless at run time. Doing so on classes with virtual functions and inheritance is likely to be beneficial at run time.

---

std::is_final and similar traits are almost all implemented via compiler built-in magic. A good number of the traits in std require such magic. See How to detect if a class is final in C++11? (thanks to @Csq for finding that)

Answer 2

1. No, it's only used at compile-time

2. Magic (see here for further info - thanks Csq for link)