How to show all shared libraries used by executables in Linux?

Question

I'd like to know which libraries are used by executables on my system. More specifically, I'd like to rank which libraries are used the most, along with the binaries that use them. How can I do this?

Answer 1

For the directly linked libs (what you usually need):

objdump --private-headers [BINARY] | grep 'NEEDED' | cut --delimiter=' ' --fields=18-

For all:

ldd [BINARY] | cut --fields=2 | cut --delimiter=' ' --fields=1 | rev | cut --delimiter='/' --fields=1 | rev | sort --unique --version-sort

Answer 2

If you don't care about the path to the executable file -

ldd `which <executable>` # back quotes, not single quotes

Answer 3

on ubuntu print packages related to an executable

ldd executable_name|awk '{print $3}'|xargs dpkg -S |awk -F  ":"  '{print $1}'

Answer 4

One more option can be just read the file located at

/proc/<pid>/maps

For example is the process id is 2601 then the command is

cat /proc/2601/maps

And the output is like

7fb37a8f2000-7fb37a8f4000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 4065647                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/network_networkmanager.so
7fb37a8f4000-7fb37aaf3000 ---p 00002000 08:06 4065647                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/network_networkmanager.so
7fb37aaf3000-7fb37aaf4000 r--p 00001000 08:06 4065647                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/network_networkmanager.so
7fb37aaf4000-7fb37aaf5000 rw-p 00002000 08:06 4065647                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/network_networkmanager.so
7fb37aaf5000-7fb37aafe000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 4065646                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/config_gnome3.so
7fb37aafe000-7fb37acfd000 ---p 00009000 08:06 4065646                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/config_gnome3.so
7fb37acfd000-7fb37acfe000 r--p 00008000 08:06 4065646                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/config_gnome3.so
7fb37acfe000-7fb37acff000 rw-p 00009000 08:06 4065646                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy/0.4.15/modules/config_gnome3.so
7fb37acff000-7fb37ad1d000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 3416761                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy.so.1.0.0
7fb37ad1d000-7fb37af1d000 ---p 0001e000 08:06 3416761                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy.so.1.0.0
7fb37af1d000-7fb37af1e000 r--p 0001e000 08:06 3416761                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy.so.1.0.0
7fb37af1e000-7fb37af1f000 rw-p 0001f000 08:06 3416761                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libproxy.so.1.0.0
7fb37af1f000-7fb37af21000 r-xp 00000000 08:06 4065186                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gio/modules/libgiolibproxy.so
7fb37af21000-7fb37b121000 ---p 00002000 08:06 4065186                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gio/modules/libgiolibproxy.so
7fb37b121000-7fb37b122000 r--p 00002000 08:06 4065186                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gio/modules/libgiolibproxy.so
7fb37b122000-7fb37b123000 rw-p 00003000 08:06 4065186                    /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gio/modules/libgiolibproxy.so

Answer 5

readelf -d recursion

redelf -d produces similar output to objdump -p which was mentioned at: https://stackoverflow.com/a/15520982/895245

But beware that dynamic libraries can depend on other dynamic libraries, to you have to recurse.

Example:

readelf -d /bin/ls | grep 'NEEDED'

Sample ouptut:

 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libselinux.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libacl.so.1]
 0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]

Then:

$ locate libselinux.so.1
/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1
/mnt/debootstrap/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1

Choose one, and repeat:

readelf -d /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1 | grep 'NEEDED'

Sample output:

0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libpcre.so.3]
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libdl.so.2]
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]
0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

And so on.

/proc/<pid>/maps for running processes

This is useful to find all the libraries currently being used by running executables. E.g.:

sudo awk '/\.so/{print $6}' /proc/1/maps | sort -u

shows all currently loaded dynamic dependencies of init (PID 1):

/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libapparmor.so.1.4.0
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libaudit.so.1.0.0
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libblkid.so.1.1.0
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcap.so.2.24
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl-2.23.so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libkmod.so.2.3.0
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmount.so.1.1.0
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpam.so.0.83.1
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcre.so.3.13.2
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.23.so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librt-2.23.so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libseccomp.so.2.2.3
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libselinux.so.1
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libuuid.so.1.3.0

This method also shows libraries opened with dlopen, tested with this minimal setup hacked up with a sleep(1000) on Ubuntu 18.04.

See also: https://superuser.com/questions/310199/see-currently-loaded-shared-objects-in-linux/1243089

Answer 6

I found this post very helpful as I needed to investigate dependencies from a 3rd party supplied library (32 vs 64 bit execution path(s)).

I put together a Q&D recursing bash script based on the 'readelf -d' suggestion on a RHEL 6 distro.

It is very basic and will test every dependency every time even if it might have been tested before (i.e very verbose). Output is very basic too.

#! /bin/bash

recurse ()
# Param 1 is the nuumber of spaces that the output will be prepended with
# Param 2 full path to library
{
#Use 'readelf -d' to find dependencies
dependencies=$(readelf -d ${2} | grep NEEDED | awk '{ print $5 }' | tr -d '[]')
for d in $dependencies; do
   echo "${1}${d}"
   nm=${d##*/}
   #libstdc++ hack for the '+'-s
   nm1=${nm//"+"/"\+"}
   # /lib /lib64 /usr/lib and /usr/lib are searched
   children=$(locate ${d} | grep -E "(^/(lib|lib64|usr/lib|usr/lib64)/${nm1})")
   rc=$?
   #at least locate... didn't fail
   if [ ${rc} == "0" ] ; then
      #we have at least one dependency
      if [ ${#children[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
         #check the dependeny's dependencies
         for c in $children; do
          recurse "  ${1}" ${c}
         done
      else
         echo "${1}no children found"
      fi
   else
      echo "${1}locate failed for ${d}"
   fi
done
}
# Q&D -- recurse needs 2 params could/should be supplied from cmdline
recurse "" !!full path to library you want to investigate!!

redirect the output to a file and grep for 'found' or 'failed'

Use and modify, at your own risk of course, as you wish.

Answer 7

Check shared library dependencies of a program executable

To find out what libraries a particular executable depends on, you can use ldd command. This command invokes dynamic linker to find out library dependencies of an executable.

> $ ldd /path/to/program

Note that it is NOT recommended to run ldd with any untrusted third-party executable because some versions of ldd may directly invoke the executable to identify its library dependencies, which can be security risk.

Instead, a safer way to show library dependencies of an unknown application binary is to use the following command.

$ objdump -p /path/to/program | grep NEEDED

for more info

Answer 8

On OS X by default there is no ldd, objdump or lsof. As an alternative, try otool -L:

$ otool -L `which openssl`
/usr/bin/openssl:
    /usr/lib/libcrypto.0.9.8.dylib (compatibility version 0.9.8, current version 0.9.8)
    /usr/lib/libssl.0.9.8.dylib (compatibility version 0.9.8, current version 0.9.8)
    /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1213.0.0)

In this example, using which openssl fills in the fully qualified path for the given executable and current user environment.

Answer 9

I didn't have ldd on my ARM toolchain so I used objdump:

$(CROSS_COMPILE)objdump -p

For instance:

objdump -p /usr/bin/python:

Dynamic Section:
  NEEDED               libpthread.so.0
  NEEDED               libdl.so.2
  NEEDED               libutil.so.1
  NEEDED               libssl.so.1.0.0
  NEEDED               libcrypto.so.1.0.0
  NEEDED               libz.so.1
  NEEDED               libm.so.6
  NEEDED               libc.so.6
  INIT                 0x0000000000416a98
  FINI                 0x000000000053c058
  GNU_HASH             0x0000000000400298
  STRTAB               0x000000000040c858
  SYMTAB               0x0000000000402aa8
  STRSZ                0x0000000000006cdb
  SYMENT               0x0000000000000018
  DEBUG                0x0000000000000000
  PLTGOT               0x0000000000832fe8
  PLTRELSZ             0x0000000000002688
  PLTREL               0x0000000000000007
  JMPREL               0x0000000000414410
  RELA                 0x0000000000414398
  RELASZ               0x0000000000000078
  RELAENT              0x0000000000000018
  VERNEED              0x0000000000414258
  VERNEEDNUM           0x0000000000000008
  VERSYM               0x0000000000413534

Answer 10

1. Use ldd to list shared libraries for each executable.
2. Cleanup the output
3. Sort, compute counts, sort by count

To find the answer for all executables in the "/bin" directory:

find /bin -type f -perm /a+x -exec ldd {} \; \
| grep so \
| sed -e '/^[^\t]/ d' \
| sed -e 's/\t//' \
| sed -e 's/.*=..//' \
| sed -e 's/ (0.*)//' \
| sort \
| uniq -c \
| sort -n

Change "/bin" above to "/" to search all directories.

Output (for just the /bin directory) will look something like this:

  1 /lib64/libexpat.so.0
  1 /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1
  1 /lib64/libnsl.so.1
  1 /lib64/libpcre.so.0
  1 /lib64/libproc-3.2.7.so
  1 /usr/lib64/libbeecrypt.so.6
  1 /usr/lib64/libbz2.so.1
  1 /usr/lib64/libelf.so.1
  1 /usr/lib64/libpopt.so.0
  1 /usr/lib64/librpm-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/librpmdb-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/librpmio-4.4.so
  1 /usr/lib64/libsqlite3.so.0
  1 /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6
  1 /usr/lib64/libz.so.1
  2 /lib64/libasound.so.2
  2 /lib64/libblkid.so.1
  2 /lib64/libdevmapper.so.1.02
  2 /lib64/libpam_misc.so.0
  2 /lib64/libpam.so.0
  2 /lib64/libuuid.so.1
  3 /lib64/libaudit.so.0
  3 /lib64/libcrypt.so.1
  3 /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3
  4 /lib64/libresolv.so.2
  4 /lib64/libtermcap.so.2
  5 /lib64/libacl.so.1
  5 /lib64/libattr.so.1
  5 /lib64/libcap.so.1
  6 /lib64/librt.so.1
  7 /lib64/libm.so.6
  9 /lib64/libpthread.so.0
 13 /lib64/libselinux.so.1
 13 /lib64/libsepol.so.1
 22 /lib64/libdl.so.2
 83 /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
 83 /lib64/libc.so.6

Edit - Removed "grep -P"

Answer 11

On Linux I use:

lsof -P -T -p Application_PID

This works better than ldd when the executable uses a non default loader

Answer 12

On UNIX system, suppose binary (executable) name is test. Then we use the following command to list the libraries used in the test is

ldd test

Answer 13

With ldd you can get the libraries that tools use. To rank the usage of libraries for a set of tool you can use something like the following command.

ldd /bin/* /usr/bin/* ... | sed -e '/^[^\t]/ d; s/^\t\(.* => \)\?\([^ ]*\) (.*/\2/g' | sort | uniq -c

(Here sed strips all lines that do not start with a tab and the filters out only the actual libraries. With sort | uniq -c you get each library with a count indicating the number of times it occurred.)

You might want to add sort -g at the end to get the libraries in order of usage.

Note that you probably get lines two non-library lines with the above command. One of static executables ("not a dynamic executable") and one without any library. The latter is the result of linux-gate.so.1 which is not a library in your file system but one "supplied" by the kernel.

Answer 14

to learn what libraries a binary uses, use ldd

ldd path/to/the/tool

You'd have to write a little shell script to get to your system-wide breakdown.