Reputation: 2521

Android Studio 3.1.3 - Unresolved reference: R - Kotlin

I am new to Kotlin. I have converted some code from Java, but it seems like there's something wrong. The R in findViewById(R.id.my_id) is highlighted in red and it shows this message:

Unresolved reference: R

I've been looking for a solution, but I seem not to figure it out. So what should I do?

Here's a screenshot:

Upvotes: 64

Answers (24)

ronenfe

Reputation: 2423

I had it because the namespace in build.gradle was wrong. They should have pointed it out in the problems window but they don't.

Upvotes: 0

Swaraj Singh

Reputation: 101

The Issue

SplashView is unable to get the R value, and so it shows the error, that R is not defined.

The Solution

Change the project name, on line number one, with yours, and you will be good to go.

Before

package com.example.experiments_flutter

After

package <your_project_name>

Upvotes: 1

Tamim Attafi

Reputation: 2521

The issue can be caused by many factors,

as mentioned by martomstom in this Answer the issue is sometimes caused by com.android.tools.build:gradle version, changing it's version to a more stable one would solve the problem: for example: com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.4.0-alpha02 with com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.2.1
Also, having libraries from the same group, but with different versions may cause the problem or even more runtime errors. use the exclude group method like the following : implementation('com.squareup.picasso:picasso:2.71828') { exclude(group: 'com.android.support') } in this case, picasso library uses android.support components, the android library version used in picasso is different than the one you're currently using in your app, so in order to solve this issue, we have to exclude it completely from its sub library and class groups.
It can also happen by the mismatch of resources and code, including this importation line in your activity may solve the problem too : import com.package.name.R
Sometimes it can happen because of the IDE, performances or memory.. Cleaning the project from time to time may save you some time, on Android Studio it would be something like this : Build -> Clean Project / Rebuild Project - Cleaning IDE cash also helps with performance and memory, on Android Studio it would look like this : File-> Invalidate Chases/ Restart -> Invalidate Cashes and Restart
I noticed that this problem happens to me the most of the time when importing new resources, Using prohibited characters in their names would fire the error, such as . , , - , UpperCase or special Letters
And as a suggestion , if you're using Kotlin, i really recommend using Kotlin extensions in your activity such as : import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_page.* or if you're using a custom view : kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.view_layout.view.* after that, in onCreat() method of an activity , you'll only have to call the id, for example : my_edit_text_ID.text = "Kotlin Dbest!", or from a custom view : mCostumView.my_edit_text_ID.text = "Kotlin Dbest!"

EDIT :

I have faced this issue againe and the problem was the '' R '' library was imported from 2 different sources :
```
com.android.R

com.example.package.R
```
You must only import the '' R '' library with your application package name, in this case com.example.package.R Sometimes the library is not imported at all, to import it, click on the unresolved reference R and press Alt + Enter

EDIT:

As tobltobs mentioned in the comments section: " Most of the time the problem is caused by another error which prevents the build system from creating generated sources. To find the root cause look at the gradle log (the "toggle view" icon below of the green hammer in the Build output) and look for errors unrelated to R or BuildConfig (also generated). If there is no other error left and the problem with R persists then maybe something of this list might help. "

EDIT:

As Patrick Beagan mentioned, Kotlin extensions for finding views in layouts are now deprecated - I'd advise using ViewBinding instead

Upvotes: 80

Mwanagenzi

Reputation: 306

I solved this error by following Android Studio's lint tools to upgrade the version of a dependency in the project-level gradle file. In this case, I upgraded androidx.navigation:navigation-safe-args-gradle-plugin from 2.3.2 to 2.5.2 (latest version), then synced the project.

Upvotes: 0

Siddharth Mehra

Reputation: 1899

I also had this problem, Gradle Sync, and Invalidate Cache, and Restarting Android Studio Didn't help. Upgrading and Downgrading Gradle were also not helpful.

What worked for me is: Make Project (Ctrl + F9) and then try to run the project.

Upvotes: 0

thijsonline

Reputation: 1227

Just restarting Android Studio solved it for me.

Upvotes: 0

sandip

Reputation: 434

I used to File --> Invalidate Caches... and issue resolved.

Upvotes: 0

Phil Dukhov

Reputation: 88192

I had same problem while using auto-manifest plugin. Adding AndroidManifest.xml explicitly solved the problem to me.

Upvotes: 0

Oren Bengigi

Reputation: 1034

I had an issue because of this import:

import android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.*

In the latest version it contains R

Upvotes: 0

Vasudev

Reputation: 2006

I had wrong import statement import android.R instead of import my.project.package.R. Fixing it solved the problem

Upvotes: 7

Sam

Reputation: 5392

So this is a misleading error. The fastest way to get to the root cause is to run:

bash gradlew assembleDebug --debug

then scroll up and look for the real error happening.

However, if it still doesn't seem like you have the answer you are looking for, then read on.

I'm going to explain the 30,000 foot view of what is happening. This is not EXACT order or EXACT flow, it is just pretty damn close ;) so if you know more then I do of the exact order and care to make corrections with links, feel free I won't stop ya :).

The Process

The R file is generated code.

There is an order to the generation.

Gradle will do it's magic, pull it's dependencies and kick off it's warning and error tree first,

then Android converts all Kotlin to Java behind the scenes. Yup that's right, our beloved Kotlin still has to be Java to compile for our beloved ART virtual machine.

Then it runs through and does the adapters that you have created for JVM Statics and a few other tasks. Next up it compiles all the xml databinding files first to create the generated databinding files.

If everything succeeds it moves on to processing the assets and resources. Which creates pointers or IDs for each resource that you reference in code. Next it will run through and begin compiling the code and packaging process after that.

Pretty straight forward process, but here in lies the problem.

The misleading Error

If any step fails before the R generation is complete, then the R does not get generated. Sometimes a simple rebuild is all you need to do, sometimes a simple File->Invalidate Cache and Restart is all you need. However, more often than not you have a code issue in your gradle, your xml, your databinding or your adapters that are preventing the compiler from even reaching the R generation stage.

So the next question is

"Well shoot, how do we troubleshoot it if the errors are worthless or non-existent".

Well first let's talk about the many ways these errors present themselves.

Duplicate Databinding class found
xml Binding Error at line #
Couldn't find matching signature of bind:customAdapterMethod
Can't find R file of the correct project, only shows import options for sub modules or incorrect namespace R files.
Couldn't find DataBindingUtility or DataBinding for activity/fragment
And many other various ways as well, too many to list them all

Next, let's talk about potential candidates causing the problem. As there are sooo many lol.

Gradle Syncing issues
Bad versions of Gradle or Tools, you may have gone too far forward in your last gradle file modification. Try stepping back one version and "invalidate cache and restart" if that fixed it, great, if not, read on.
Caching Issues (File->Restart and Invalidate Cache)
xml elements with wrong namespace
xml elements with bad IDs or references IDs out of order (i.e. you say align to right of an element that is lower in the xml document then the sibling element that is trying to reference it)
xml data binding issues referencing namespace or member that doesn't exist or is not typed correctly
xml data binding issues in non-auto-filled spots like custom attributes using adapters as those are harder to spot. i.e. bind:myCustomMethod=@"myObject.mistypedProperty()"
JVM Static adapters with issues or duplicated signatures
Duplicated or bad character in the Strings or Dimens file or any other xml file for that matter
Private variable marked for @Binding without properties to access it
Member variable marked for @Binding that matches a parent class method causing duplications that manifests itself in almost impossible errors
Mismatch of types like using an adapter that takes (Int) but you are passing (Int?) via data binding and it isn't recognized with JVM Statics until compile time
You selected IMPORT on a popup to import R file of a sub module instead of the application file
Having bindable members in a child or parent class, but not giving fully qualified namespace to class cast in the XML usage of the parent or child class. As the databinding compiler is not smart enough to realize the variable provided for class Foo is also parentFoo baseclass, so you have to qualify it as android:text="@((com.path.parentFoo)foo).parentMethod"
Having a method name in a class, that matches a "generated property from @Binding member variable" i.e. firstName as a variable, but then having a method called getFirstName in a parent or child class, because you are now matching a method name that will get auto generated, thus causing dataBindingUtility duplication class errors.
There are more causes, but this should give you a series of places to look, but the list can go on and on seriously.

Unfortunately this happens a lot in bleeding edge technologies where the UI tools are not up to speed with the terminal based tools yet. So I suggest you run from the project root in a terminal with

bash gradlew assembleDebug --debug

When it fails, and it will. Start scrolling up through the logs until you find the red where you see what is actually failing and preventing the next stage from occurring.

You will find this especially useful when you start dealing with databinding.

TIP:

When you start dealing with databinding, make sure you compile and run often because the goal is to recognize right away before doing other files to make sure you didn't break generation and make your life MUCH easier to know code you just added caused the issue before getting too far.

Times to compile and run to confirm no issues before moving on.

If you add a few JVM statics compile and run
If you add variables to your XML to use
If you bind to properties of your model in 1 file
If you add a binding to a JVMStatic
If you add bindable members or properties to an model
If you refactor moving observable member variables or properties into children or base classes
Any other xml or binding related elements that can effect the generated code.

Like I mentioned above, the reason is to avoid getting so many changes, that it becomes a troubleshooting nightmare to find a generic vague, horrible error related to generated databinding code. I'm sure the tools will improve, but for now, do yourself a favor and compile and run often when changing Databinding related items.

Happy Coding

Upvotes: 14

WasimSafdar

Reputation: 1132

I faced the same issue. I restarted my Android Studio, invalidate caches, Sync Gradle but nothing was working. Then I looked into my file and there are 2 imports of my R. 1 import was related to my application package and the other was related to Android.

import com.example.myApp.R
import android.R // This import was added accidentally during the build.

Removing second import related to android solved this issue.

Upvotes: 0

Adam Smith

Reputation: 209

For me it was because I had created a new package and R wasn't available until I imported it from the package above

Upvotes: 0

K Vij

Reputation: 2063

If your are experiencing this issue in Kotlin because you cannot reference the elements of the xml layout by ids. (e.g. R.id.adView) then try removing the line import android.R from your kotlin file.

Upvotes: 0

Ankush Joshi

Reputation: 426

Downgrading gradle version worked for me.

I changed :

Gradle version from : 4.10.4 to 4.4.1

and Gradle Plugin version from : 3.3.1 to 3.1.3

Upvotes: 0

Nithesh

Reputation: 204

Here is the solution, File->Project Structure->Project, select Android Gradle Plugin Version as 3.2.1 from the drop-down. then click apply.

Upvotes: -5

dudukee

Reputation: 1

I update Android Studio to version 3.3.1 and solved this problem.

Upvotes: 0

HasBert

Reputation: 143

I had the same problem, and I tried not to downgrade from gradle version 3.3 to gradle version 3.2.1. Instead I updated Android Studio to version 3.3, which made the trick for me ;-)

Upvotes: 4

Josue

Reputation: 725

I had the same problem with R reference too. Finally Android Studio 3.3 has been released and using 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.3.0' the problem has been fixed!

Upvotes: 1

Kenneth Argo

Reputation: 1767

I believe that I came across the real answer (though by accident).

I also, as the OP had my KT file fail to location R. as well as other classes that happen to be in java. What I noticed was that there was a case difference I the filenames. Once I corrected the import statements to match the case of the package (aka, folder) the errors resolved.

Upvotes: 0

PRANAY REDDY

Reputation: 1

TRY THIS

Go to the content_main.xml file and there you need to change the

android:id="@+id/??????"> line of code to whatever id you have given to your file.

Replace question mark ?????? with the related file id name.(IF you dont know the id go to the design tab on the bottom and click on the related Asset.

On the right side below attributes, you can find the ID you have given to it. If it is blank you can freshly name it and Android Studio will write the code.

Then restart Android Studio. Hope this will help. Happy coding.

Upvotes: 0

Fireworks

Reputation: 515

Use gradle commands.
In Android Studio, on the right menu:
Gradle -> :app -> Tasks -> build -> clean.
After that, Gradle -> :app -> Tasks -> build -> build

Upvotes: 10

martomstom

Reputation: 603

I used com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.3.0-alpha13 and had the same issue. Changing to stable Version 3.2.1 solved this problem for me.

Upvotes: 32

Earl Whitney

Reputation: 113

This worked for me. How much work it is depends on how big your project is. I started a new project, created the required modules (XML, Kotlin, colors, strings, etc.), then copied the code into the modules in the new project from the modules in the old project. Copying XML saves a lot of time compared to recreating the UI. All in all, it take a little while, but I have spent much more time tring to fix the unresolved reference error without it.

Upvotes: 0

Android Studio 3.1.3 - Unresolved reference: R - Kotlin

Answers (24)

The Issue

The Solution

Before

After

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