Reputation: 117499

What does the "?:^" regular expression mean?

I am looking at this sub-expression (this is in JavaScript):

(?:^|.....)

I know that ? means "zero or one times" when it follows a character, but not sure what it means in this context.

Upvotes: 13

Answers (6)

Daniel LeCheminant

Reputation: 51071

You're probably seeing it in this context

(?:...)

It means that the group won't be captured or used for back-references.

EDIT: To reflect your modified question:

(?:^|....)

means "match the beginning of the line or match ..." but don't capture the group or use it for back-references.

Upvotes: 19

Trampas Kirk

Reputation: 1446

Short Answer

It flags the (parenthetical) group as a non-capturing group.

Details About This Particular Expression

The notation for a non-capturing group is:

(?:<expresson>)

In the instance you presented, the caret (^) is part of the expression not part of the capturing group notation. And this instance it's not a special character either.

It looks like they're using an 'or' operator (the pipe) with the caret. So they're looking to match something that is a caret or whatever was on the right of the pipe, but not capture the expression as a group (accomplished with the ?: in the beginning of the grouping characters.

In General

Non-capturing groups allow you to group an expression in a way that won't be back-refernceable, and will also increase performance of the expression.

Upvotes: 3

Tomalak

Reputation: 338148

When working with groups, you often have several options that modify the behavior of the group:

(foo)     // default behavior, matches "foo" and stores a back-reference
(?:foo)   // non-capturing group: matches "foo", but doesn't store a back-ref
(?i:foo)  // matches "foo" case-insensitively
(?=foo)   // matches "foo", but does not advance the current position
          // ("positive zero-width look-ahead assertion")
(?!foo)   // matches anything but "foo", and does not advance the position 
          // ("negative zero-width look-ahead assertion")

to name a few.

They all begin with "?", which is the way to indicate a group modifier. The question mark has nothing to do with optionality in this case.

It simply says:

(?:^foo)  // match "foo" at the start of the line, but do not store a back-ref

Sometimes it's just overkill to store a back-reference to some part of the match that you are not going to use anyway. When the group is there only to make a complex expression atomic (e.g. it should either match or fail as a whole), storing a back-reference is an unnecessary waste of resources that can even slow down the regex a bit. And sometimes, you just want to be group 1 the first group relevant to you, instead of the first group in the regex.

Upvotes: 21

vartec

Reputation: 134581

"(?:x) Matches 'x' but does not remember the match."

https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Core_JavaScript_1.5_Guide/Regular_Expressions

Upvotes: 2

Eli

Reputation: 5610

(?:some stuff) means that you don't want to match the expression in the parentheses separately. Normally the pieces of a regexp grouped in parentheses are grouped and can be referenced individually (this is called using backreferences).

See http://www.regular-expressions.info/brackets.html

Upvotes: 3