APK Compatibility Issue on Other Devices - Works Only on My Phone

Question

Description: I have created and signed an APK using Termux, and it runs perfectly on my Xiaomi Note 11 Pro with Android 13. However, when I try to install it on other devices, I receive an "app not compatible" error. I have verified the APK is signed and have tried multiple methods to troubleshoot, but the issue persists.

Steps to Reproduce:

1. Create the APK using msfvenom payload creation tool.
2. Sign the APK using Termux with the following steps:

   keytool -genkey -v -keystore /data/data/com.termux/files/home/my-release-key.jks -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 10000 -alias new-key-alias
   apksigner sign --ks /data/data/com.termux/files/home/my-release-key.jks --ks-key-alias new-key-alias --ks-pass pass:your_keystore_password --key-pass pass:your_key_password --v1-signing-enabled true --v2-signing-enabled true --v3-signing-enabled true --out ./as2-signed.apk ./as2-rebuilt.apk
   

3. Try to install the signed APK on another device with Android 13 or another version.

Expected Behavior: The APK should install and run on any compatible Android device.

Actual Behavior: The APK installs and runs only on my Xiaomi Note 11 Pro but fails with a compatibility error on other devices.

APK Details:

• Package Name: nous.client
• Permissions:

  <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
      package="nous.client" >
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COURSE_LOCATION" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_CONTACTS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_SMS" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.REQUEST_IGNORE_BATTERY_OPTIMIZATIONS"/>
      <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />
      <application
          android:label="@string/app_name"
          android:persistent="true" >
          <activity
              android:name="nous.client.MainActivity"
              android:label="@string/app_name"
              android:theme="@android:style/Theme.NoDisplay" >
              <intent-filter>
                  <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                  <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
              </intent-filter>
          </activity>
          <service android:name=".RealService" android:enabled="true" android:exported="true" />
          <service android:name=".RestartService" android:enabled="true" android:exported="true" />
          <receiver android:name=".AlarmRecever"/>
          <receiver
              android:name=".RebootRecever"
              android:enabled="true"
              android:exported="false"
              android:process=":remote">
              <intent-filter>
                  <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
              </intent-filter>
          </receiver>
      </application>
  </manifest>
  

Troubleshooting Steps Taken:

1. Verified APK signing using apksigner verify --verbose as2.apk.
2. Checked the APK with aapt dump badging ./as2-signed.apk but received "assets could not be loaded" error.
3. Attempted multiple signing methods and re-checked compatibility settings.

**Device Details:**
- **Device 1 (Works):**
  - Model: Xiaomi Note 11 Pro
  - Android Version: 13 TP1A.220624.014

- **Device 2 (Fails):**
  - Model: Redmi 12c
  - Android Version: 14UP1A.231005.007

**Questions:**
1. Are there any specific compatibility settings or configurations I might be missing?
2. Could the issue be related to specific permissions or features declared in the manifest?
3. Is there a better way to sign the APK to ensure broader compatibility?

Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated! Thank you!