CODEWITHSUNDEEP
regexregex-greedy
user1209784
user1209784

Reputation: 831

Regex credit card number tests

I'm testing one application where Regex pattern match credit card then such numbers should be highlighted. I'm using site http://regexpal.com/ to create test credit credit card numbers for my testing. my requirement is to have valid credit card numbers which can have "-" and/or "," between them.I was not successful to build such a number as when i test it using the site

http://regexpal.com.

I need few credit numbers with scenarios below

  1. valid credit card number which can have "-" between any digit.
  2. valid credit card number which can have "," between any digit.
  3. valid credit card number which can have cobination of "," or "-" between any digit.

Upvotes: 81

Views: 258487

Answers (16)

Daphoque
Daphoque

Reputation: 4678

evilReiko solution in javascript

var CARD_NUMBERS = {
'american_express': {
    '34': ['15'],
    '37': ['15'],
},
'diners_club': {
    '36'     : ['14-19'],
    '300-305': ['16-19'],
    '3095'   : ['16-19'],
    '38-39'  : ['16-19'],
},
'jcb': {
    '3528-3589': ['16-19'],
},
'discover': {
    '6011'         : ['16-19'],
    '622126-622925': ['16-19'],
    '624000-626999': ['16-19'],
    '628200-628899': ['16-19'],
    '64'           : ['16-19'],
    '65'           : ['16-19'],
},
'dankort': {
    '5019': ['16'],
},
'maestro': {
    '6759'  : ['12-19'],
    '676770': ['12-19'],
    '676774': ['12-19'],
    '50'    : ['12-19'],
    '56-69' : ['12-19'],
},
'mastercard': {
    '2221-2720': ['16'],
    '51-55'    : ['16'],
},
'unionpay': {
    '81': ['16'],
},
'visa': {
    '4': ['13-19'],
}
};


var get_card_brand = function(cardNumber, validateLength = true)
{
cardNumber      = (cardNumber || "").toString().replace(new RegExp("[-.\\s]", "gmi"), "").trim();

if(/[0-9]/.test(cardNumber.substr(0,1)))
{
    cardNumber = cardNumber.replace(new RegExp("[^0-9]", "gmi"), "0").padEnd(6, "0");

    var firstSixDigits   = parseInt(cardNumber.substr(0, 6));
    var cardNumberLength = cardNumber.length;

    for(var brand in CARD_NUMBERS)
    {
        for(var prefix in CARD_NUMBERS[brand])
        {
            var lengths = CARD_NUMBERS[brand][prefix];

            var prefixArray = prefix.split("-");

            var prefixMin = parseInt(prefixArray[0].padEnd(6, "0"));
            var prefixMax = parseInt((prefixArray[1] || prefixArray[0]).padEnd(6, "9"));

            var isValidPrefix = firstSixDigits >= prefixMin && firstSixDigits <= prefixMax;

            if(isValidPrefix && !validateLength)
            {
                return brand;
            }


            if(isValidPrefix && validateLength)
            {
                for(var i = 0; i < lengths.length; i++)
                {
                    var length = lengths[i];
                    var isValidLength = false;

                    var lengthArray = length.split("-");

                    var minLength = parseInt(lengthArray[0]);
                    var maxLength = parseInt(lengthArray[1] || lengthArray[0]);

                    var isValidLength = cardNumberLength >= minLength && cardNumberLength <= maxLength;

                    if(isValidLength)
                    {
                        return brand;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

return "";
}


console.log(get_card_brand('4111111111111111') == "visa");                    // Output: "visa"
console.log(get_card_brand('4111.1111 1111-1111') == "visa");                 // Output: "visa" function will remove following noises: dot, space and dash
console.log(get_card_brand('411111######1111') == "visa");                    // Output: "visa" function can handle hashed card numbers
console.log(get_card_brand('41') == "");                                  // Output: "" because invalid length
console.log(get_card_brand('41', false) == "visa");                           // Output: "visa" because we told function to not validate length
console.log(get_card_brand('987', false) == "");                          // Output: "" no match found
console.log(get_card_brand('4111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111') == "");       // Output: "" no match found
console.log(get_card_brand('4111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111', false) == "visa");// Output: "visa" because we told fu**/

Upvotes: 0

Preston Seider
Preston Seider

Reputation: 1

For the multiple requests in the comments asking for a solution to whitespace separated values, this can be achieved pretty easily:

\b(\d{4}\s\d{4}\s\d{4}\s\d{4}$)\b

Upvotes: 0

Jesus is Lord
Jesus is Lord

Reputation: 15399

Here's this answer formatted as JavaScript code.

  let card_types = {
    "Amex Card": /^3[47][0-9]{13}$/,
    "BCGlobal": /^(6541|6556)[0-9]{12}$/,
    "Carte Blanche Card": /^389[0-9]{11}$/,
    "Diners Club Card": /^3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}$/,
    "Discover Card": /^65[4-9][0-9]{13}|64[4-9][0-9]{13}|6011[0-9]{12}|(622(?:12[6-9]|1[3-9][0-9]|[2-8][0-9][0-9]|9[01][0-9]|92[0-5])[0-9]{10})$/,
    "Insta Payment Card": /^63[7-9][0-9]{13}$/,
    "JCB Card": /^(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11}$/,
    "KoreanLocalCard": /^9[0-9]{15}$/,
    "Laser Card": /^(6304|6706|6709|6771)[0-9]{12,15}$/,
    "Maestro Card": /^(5018|5020|5038|6304|6759|6761|6763)[0-9]{8,15}$/,
    "Mastercard":/ ^(5[1-5][0-9]{14}|2(22[1-9][0-9]{12}|2[3-9][0-9]{13}|[3-6][0-9]{14}|7[0-1][0-9]{13}|720[0-9]{12}))$/,
    "Solo Card": /^(6334|6767)[0-9]{12}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{14}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{15}$/,
    "Switch Card": /^(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{12}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{14}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{15}|564182[0-9]{10}|564182[0-9]{12}|564182[0-9]{13}|633110[0-9]{10}|633110[0-9]{12}|633110[0-9]{13}$/,
    "Union Pay Card": /^(62[0-9]{14,17})$/,
    "Visa Card": /^4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?$/,
    "Visa Master Card": /^(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|5[1-5][0-9]{14})$/,
  };

Upvotes: 0

evilReiko
evilReiko

Reputation: 20473

2019

DO. NOT. USE. REGEX !!! (with 3 exclamation marks)

From the comments, I must highlight PeteWiFi's comment:

Just a friendly warning, you're in for a world of hurt if you try and match specific schemes and card lengths this way. For example, Switch hasn't existed since 2002, Laser was withdrawn in 2014, Visa are due to issue 19 digit cards and MasterCard are now issuing in the 2xxxxx ranges, just to highlight a couple of issues with this approach. A regex is good for a basic "does it look like a card number" but not much beyond that.

If you want to use regex just to know the card brand for visual use (like displaying Visa logo or label), that is fine. But if your code logic depends on it, then don't use regex, and don't use 3rd party plugin/library!

Regex detecting card numbers is quick & easy. But in the long run, your project will run into many serious & hard-to-solve bugs. Card issuers keep introducing new card number patterns, or withdraw old ones, or may completely close down. Who knows.

Solution

Build your own solution (preferably non-regex) based on some official pages that's frequently updated, like this page on wikipedia.

As for the "-", ".", "space", and all other noise, simply remove all these non-digits, you can use this (Based on this answer):

$number = preg_replace("/[^0-9]/", "", "4111-1111 1111.1111");
// Output: 4111111111111111

Not convinced yet?

This page goes into deep technical details why regex is hell. (Notice the artical used the word "hell" because once you're in you can't go out)

EDIT

Here's a solution I developed (in PHP):

// Based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number
// This constant is used in get_card_brand()
// Note: We're not using regex anymore, with this approach way we can easily read/write/change bin series in this array for future changes
// Key     (string)           brand, keep it unique in the array
// Value   (array)            for each element in the array:
//   Key   (string)           prefix of card number, minimum 1 digit maximum 6 digits per prefix. You can use "dash" for range. Example: "34" card number starts with 34. Range Example: "34-36" (which means first 6 digits starts with 340000-369999) card number starts with 34, 35 or 36
//   Value (array of strings) valid length of card number. You can set multiple ones. You can also use "dash" for range. Example: "16" means length must be 16 digits. Range Example: "15-17" length must be 15, 16 or 17. Multiple values example: ["12", "15-17"] card number can be 12 or 15 or 16 or 17 digits
define('CARD_NUMBERS', [
    'american_express' => [
        '34' => ['15'],
        '37' => ['15'],
    ],
    'diners_club' => [
        '36'      => ['14-19'],
        '300-305' => ['16-19'],
        '3095'    => ['16-19'],
        '38-39'   => ['16-19'],
    ],
    'jcb' => [
        '3528-3589' => ['16-19'],
    ],
    'discover' => [
        '6011'          => ['16-19'],
        '622126-622925' => ['16-19'],
        '624000-626999' => ['16-19'],
        '628200-628899' => ['16-19'],
        '64'            => ['16-19'],
        '65'            => ['16-19'],
    ],
    'dankort' => [
        '5019' => ['16'],
        //'4571' => ['16'],// Co-branded with Visa, so it should appear as Visa
    ],
    'maestro' => [
        '6759'   => ['12-19'],
        '676770' => ['12-19'],
        '676774' => ['12-19'],
        '50'     => ['12-19'],
        '56-69'  => ['12-19'],
    ],
    'mastercard' => [
        '2221-2720' => ['16'],
        '51-55'     => ['16'],
    ],
    'unionpay' => [
        '81' => ['16'],// Treated as Discover cards on Discover network
    ],
    'visa' => [
        '4' => ['13-19'],// Including related/partner brands: Dankort, Electron, etc. Note: majority of Visa cards are 16 digits, few old Visa cards may have 13 digits, and Visa is introducing 19 digits cards
    ],
]);

/**
 * Pass card number and it will return brand if found
 * Examples:
 *     get_card_brand('4111111111111111');                    // Output: "visa"
 *     get_card_brand('4111.1111 1111-1111');                 // Output: "visa" function will remove following noises: dot, space and dash
 *     get_card_brand('411111######1111');                    // Output: "visa" function can handle hashed card numbers
 *     get_card_brand('41');                                  // Output: "" because invalid length
 *     get_card_brand('41', false);                           // Output: "visa" because we told function to not validate length
 *     get_card_brand('987', false);                          // Output: "" no match found
 *     get_card_brand('4111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111');       // Output: "" no match found
 *     get_card_brand('4111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111', false);// Output: "visa" because we told function to not validate length
 * Implementation Note: This function doesn't use regex, instead it compares digit by digit. 
 *                      Because we're not using regex in this function, it's easier to add/edit/delete new bin series to global constant CARD_NUMBERS
 * Performance Note: This function is extremely fast, less than 0.0001 seconds
 * @param  String|Int $cardNumber     (required) Card number to know its brand. Examples: 4111111111111111 or 4111 1111-1111.1111 or 411111###XXX1111
 * @param  Boolean    $validateLength (optional) If true then will check length of the card which must be correct. If false then will not check length of the card. For example you can pass 41 with $validateLength = false still this function will return "visa" correctly
 * @return String                                returns card brand if valid, otherwise returns empty string
 */
function get_card_brand($cardNumber, $validateLength = true) {
    $foundCardBrand = '';
    
    $cardNumber = (string)$cardNumber;
    $cardNumber = str_replace(['-', ' ', '.'], '', $cardNumber);// Trim and remove noise
    
    if(in_array(substr($cardNumber, 0, 1), ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'])) {// Try to find card number only if first digit is a number, if not then there is no need to check
        $cardNumber = preg_replace('/[^0-9]/', '0', $cardNumber);// Set all non-digits to zero, like "X" and "#" that maybe used to hide some digits
        $cardNumber = str_pad($cardNumber, 6, '0', STR_PAD_RIGHT);// If $cardNumber passed is less than 6 digits, will append 0s on right to make it 6
        
        $firstSixDigits   = (int)substr($cardNumber, 0, 6);// Get first 6 digits
        $cardNumberLength = strlen($cardNumber);// Total digits of the card
        
        foreach(CARD_NUMBERS as $brand => $rows) {
            foreach($rows as $prefix => $lengths) {
                $prefix    = (string)$prefix;
                $prefixMin = 0;
                $prefixMax = 0;
                if(strpos($prefix, '-') !== false) {// If "dash" exist in prefix, then this is a range of prefixes
                    $prefixArray = explode('-', $prefix);
                    $prefixMin = (int)str_pad($prefixArray[0], 6, '0', STR_PAD_RIGHT);
                    $prefixMax = (int)str_pad($prefixArray[1], 6, '9', STR_PAD_RIGHT);
                } else {// This is fixed prefix
                    $prefixMin = (int)str_pad($prefix, 6, '0', STR_PAD_RIGHT);
                    $prefixMax = (int)str_pad($prefix, 6, '9', STR_PAD_RIGHT);
                }

                $isValidPrefix = $firstSixDigits >= $prefixMin && $firstSixDigits <= $prefixMax;// Is string starts with the prefix

                if($isValidPrefix && !$validateLength) {
                    $foundCardBrand = $brand;
                    break 2;// Break from both loops
                }
                if($isValidPrefix && $validateLength) {
                    foreach($lengths as $length) {
                        $isValidLength = false;
                        if(strpos($length, '-') !== false) {// If "dash" exist in length, then this is a range of lengths
                            $lengthArray = explode('-', $length);
                            $minLength = (int)$lengthArray[0];
                            $maxLength = (int)$lengthArray[1];
                            $isValidLength = $cardNumberLength >= $minLength && $cardNumberLength <= $maxLength;
                        } else {// This is fixed length
                            $isValidLength = $cardNumberLength == (int)$length;
                        }
                        if($isValidLength) {
                            $foundCardBrand = $brand;
                            break 3;// Break from all 3 loops
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    return $foundCardBrand;
}

Upvotes: 29

sVIKs
sVIKs

Reputation: 11

Regex for all card type

^(3[47][0-9]{13}|(6541|6556)[0-9]{12}|389[0-9]{11}|3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}|65[4-9][0-9]{13}|64[4-9][0-9]{13}|6011[0-9]{12}|(622(?:12[6-9]|1[3-9][0-9]|[2-8][0-9][0-9]|9[01][0-9]|92[0-5])[0-9]{10})|63[7-9][0-9]{13}|(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11}|9[0-9]{15}|(6304|6706|6709|6771)[0-9]{12,15}|(5018|5020|5038|6304|6759|6761|6763)[0-9]{8,15}|(5[1-5][0-9]{14}|2(22[1-9][0-9]{12}|2[3-9][0-9]{13}|[3-6][0-9]{14}|7[0-1][0-9]{13}|720[0-9]{12}))|(6334|6767)[0-9]{12}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{14}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{15}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{12}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{14}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{15}|564182[0-9]{10}|564182[0-9]{12}|564182[0-9]{13}|633110[0-9]{10}|633110[0-9]{12}|633110[0-9]{13}|(62[0-9]{14,17})|4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|5[1-5][0-9]{14}))$

Check can here https://regex101.com/r/37S1iV/1

Upvotes: 1

Ethan Allen
Ethan Allen

Reputation: 14835

For anyone trying to do this with Swift (iOS), I built a little project that doesn't use RegEx that does CC prefix validation, check digit validation (using Luhn algorithm), and a few other cool things. It is very simple to modify to add new card types and number ranges without having to know complex RegEx. It's similar to what @evilReiko does in his answer.

100% free. Full open source.

https://github.com/ethanwa/credit-card-scanner-and-validator

Upvotes: 2

Arm092
Arm092

Reputation: 665

Here is my method for detecting card network (updated 2020):

function getCardBrandId($pan)
    {
        $regs = [
            ELECTRON => "/^(4026|417500|4405|4508|4844|4913|4917)\d+$/",
            MAESTRO  => "/^(?:50|5[6-9]|6[0-9])\d+$/",
            DANKORT  => "/^(5019|4571)\d+$/",
            CUP      => "/^(62|81)\d+$/",
            VISA     => "/^4[0-9]\d+$/",
            DINERS   => "/^(?:5[45]|36|30[0-5]|3095|3[8-9])\d+$/",
            MC       => "/^(?:5[1-5]|222[1-9]|22[3-9][0-9]|2[3-6][0-9][0-9]|27[0-1][0-9]|2720)\d+$/",
            AMEX     => "/^(34|37)\d+$/",
            DISCOVER => "/^6(?:011|22(12[6-9]|1[3-9][0-9]|[2-8][0-9][0-9]|9[01][0-9]|92[0-5])|5|4|2[4-6][0-9]{3}|28[2-8][0-9]{2})\d+$/",
            JCB      => "/^(?:35[2-8][0-9])\d+$/",
            INTERPAY => "/^(636)\d+$/",
            KOREAN   => "/^9[0-9]\d+$/",
            MIR      => "/^(?:220[0-4])\d+$/",
        ];


        foreach ($regs as $brand => $reg) {
            if (preg_match($reg, $pan)) {
                return $brand;
            }
        }

        return "Unknown";
    }

Upvotes: 6

ajithparamban
ajithparamban

Reputation: 2943

Common credit card vendor regular expressions:

  • Amex Card: ^3[47][0-9]{13}$
  • BCGlobal: ^(6541|6556)[0-9]{12}$
  • Carte Blanche Card: ^389[0-9]{11}$
  • Diners Club Card: ^3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}$
  • Discover Card: ^65[4-9][0-9]{13}|64[4-9][0-9]{13}|6011[0-9]{12}|(622(?:12[6-9]|1[3-9][0-9]|[2-8][0-9][0-9]|9[01][0-9]|92[0-5])[0-9]{10})$
  • Insta Payment Card: ^63[7-9][0-9]{13}$
  • JCB Card: ^(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11}$
  • KoreanLocalCard: ^9[0-9]{15}$
  • Laser Card: ^(6304|6706|6709|6771)[0-9]{12,15}$
  • Maestro Card: ^(5018|5020|5038|6304|6759|6761|6763)[0-9]{8,15}$
  • Mastercard: ^(5[1-5][0-9]{14}|2(22[1-9][0-9]{12}|2[3-9][0-9]{13}|[3-6][0-9]{14}|7[0-1][0-9]{13}|720[0-9]{12}))$
  • Solo Card: ^(6334|6767)[0-9]{12}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{14}|(6334|6767)[0-9]{15}$
  • Switch Card: ^(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{12}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{14}|(4903|4905|4911|4936|6333|6759)[0-9]{15}|564182[0-9]{10}|564182[0-9]{12}|564182[0-9]{13}|633110[0-9]{10}|633110[0-9]{12}|633110[0-9]{13}$
  • Union Pay Card: ^(62[0-9]{14,17})$
  • Visa Card: ^4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?$
  • Visa Master Card: ^(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|5[1-5][0-9]{14})$

Upvotes: 246

azizbekian
azizbekian

Reputation: 62189

In addition to all above, here's a regex for new MasterCards, that includes 2221-2720 BINs:

^5[1-5][0-9]{0,14}|^(222[1-9]|2[3-6]\\d{2}|27[0-1]\\d|2720)[0-9]{0,12}

Note, this regex will match if user starts typing card digits, that correspond to MasterCard. For example, if user types "222185" then the regex will match, because there is no other type of card that starts with "2221". This regex might come handy if you want to display card type while typing first digits of the card.

Alternatively, if you want "post factum" matching, you can change the last part from {0,14} and {0,12} to {14} and {12}:

^5[1-5][0-9]{14}|^(222[1-9]|2[3-6]\\d{2}|27[0-1]\\d|2720)[0-9]{12}

Upvotes: 3

Ripudaman Singh
Ripudaman Singh

Reputation: 401

Regex for Leading Card Networks

Master Card(2-Bin, 5-Bin both):"(?:5[1-5][0-9]{2}|222[1-9]|22[3-9][0-9]|2[3-6][0-9]{2}|27[01][0-9]|2720)[0-9]{12}"

Visa: "^4[0-9]{6,}$"

Diner's Club: "(^30[0-5][0-9]{11}$)|(^(36|38)[0-9]{12}$)"

American Express: "^[34|37][0-9]{14}$"

JCB: "(^3[0-9]{15}$)|(^(2131|1800)[0-9]{11}$)"

Discover: "^6011-?\d{4}-?\d{4}-?\d{4}$"

Upvotes: 4

Bolo
Bolo

Reputation: 1500

First Data validates 15 digits for Amex and 16 for visa, mc, discover, diners, and jcb so I only send the card number to them if the number is 15 or 16 digits long using this:

^[0-9]{15}(?:[0-9]{1})?$

Upvotes: 0

Alexander Pavlov
Alexander Pavlov

Reputation: 32286

Remove all , and - and other non-digits from the string first.

Then use this regex that matches Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club, Discover, and JCB cards:

^(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|[25][1-7][0-9]{14}|6(?:011|5[0-9][0-9])[0-9]{12}|3[47][0-9]{13}|3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}|(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11})$

Upvotes: 88

skwidbreth
skwidbreth

Reputation: 8404

The accepted answer is great, but to accommodate the new MasterCard BIN, I believe that it would need to be updated to:

^(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|[25][1-7][0-9]{14}|6(?:011|5[0-9][0-9])[0-9]{12}|3[47][0-9]{13}|3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}|(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11})$

(the critical piece being [25][1-7][0-9]{14}, since the first digit can now be either a 2 or a 5 and the second digit can be up to 7)

Please correct me if I'm wrong!

Upvotes: 11

mpen
mpen

Reputation: 282805

I came up with a regex that allows for dashes and spaces. Test it here: https://regex101.com/r/Rx2iWD/1

To allow commas (which I think is unusual), just add it to the sep definition.

In PHP:

$ccPatt = '/
    (?(DEFINE)
        (?<sep> [ -]?)
    )
    (?<!\d)(?:
      \d{4} (?&sep) \d{4} (?&sep) \d{4} (?&sep) \d{4}               # 16 digits
    | \d{3} (?&sep) \d{3} (?&sep) \d{3} (?&sep) \d (?&sep) \d{3}    # 13 digits
    | \d{4} (?&sep) \d{6} (?&sep) \d{4}                             # 14 digits
    | \d{4} (?&sep) \d{6} (?&sep) \d{5}                             # 15 digit card
    )(?!\d)
/xu';

Upvotes: 2

Padam Singh
Padam Singh

Reputation: 11

Regx for Rupay card :

(508[5-9][0-9]{12})|(6069[8-9][0-9]{11})|(607[0-8][0-9]{12})|(6079[0-8][0-9]{11})|(608[0-5][0-9]{12})|(6521[5-9][0-9]{11})|(652[2-9][0-9]{12})|(6530[0-9]{12})|(6531[0-4][0-9]{11})

using bin series : 508500 – 508999, 606985 – 606999, 607000 - 607899, 607900 - 607984, 608001 -- 608500, 652150 --- 652199, 652200 --- 652999, 653000 --- 653099, 653100 --- 653149,

Upvotes: 1

Aditya Rao
Aditya Rao

Reputation: 91

For Rupay Debit Card: ^6[0-9]{15}$

Upvotes: 8

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